Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,248 questions in 108 reviews · Stroke
current versionsNo studies 275 · 22%Ungraded 56 · 4.5%Very low 269 · 21.6%Low 349 · 28%Moderate 216 · 17.3%High 83 · 6.7%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Pharmacological interventions vs placebo Depression: meeting study criteria for depression at end of treatment (primary outcome) · people with depression after stroke Pharmacological, non‐invasive brain stimulation and psychological interventions, and their combination, for… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.7 [0.55, 0.88] | 8 studies · 1025 participants | Very low |
Non‐invasive brain stimulation vs sham non‐invasive brain stimulation and/or usual care Depression: mean scores at end of treatment (secondary outcome) · people with depression after stroke Pharmacological, non‐invasive brain stimulation and psychological interventions, and their combination, for… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 505 participants | Very low |
Non‐invasive brain stimulation vs sham non‐invasive brain stimulation and/or usual care Depression: meeting study criteria for depression at end of · people with depression after stroke Pharmacological, non‐invasive brain stimulation and psychological interventions, and their combination, for… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Non‐invasive brain stimulation vs sham non‐invasive brain stimulation and/or usual care Adverse events: death ‐ at end of treatment (secondary outcome) · people with depression after stroke Pharmacological, non‐invasive brain stimulation and psychological interventions, and their combination, for… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 393 participants | Ungraded |
Non‐invasive brain stimulation vs sham non‐invasive brain stimulation and/or usual care Adverse events: all ‐ central nervous system events (e.g. confusion, headache, tremor) (secondary outcome) · people with depression after stroke Pharmacological, non‐invasive brain stimulation and psychological interventions, and their combination, for… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.61 [0.23, 1.64] | 4 studies · 183 participants | Low |
Non‐invasive brain stimulation vs sham non‐invasive brain stimulation and/or usual care Adverse events: all ‐ other events ‐ not listed above (e.g. dysuria, neck pain, eye discomfort) (secondary outcome) · people with depression after stroke Pharmacological, non‐invasive brain stimulation and psychological interventions, and their combination, for… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.47 [0.16, 1.39] | 4 studies · 183 participants | Low |
Psychological therapy vs usual care and/or attention control Depression: meeting study criteria for depression at end of treatment (primary outcome) · people with depression after stroke Pharmacological, non‐invasive brain stimulation and psychological interventions, and their combination, for… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.77 [0.62, 0.95] | 6 studies · 521 participants | Very low |
Psychological therapy vs usual care and/or attention control Depression: < 50% reduction in scale scores at end of treatment (primary outcome) · people with depression after stroke Pharmacological, non‐invasive brain stimulation and psychological interventions, and their combination, for… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Psychological therapy vs usual care and/or attention control Depression: mean scores at end of treatment (other outcome) · people with depression after stroke Pharmacological, non‐invasive brain stimulation and psychological interventions, and their combination, for… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 17 studies · 1568 participants | Ungraded |
Psychological therapy vs usual care and/or attention control Depression: meeting study criteria for depression at end of · people with depression after stroke Pharmacological, non‐invasive brain stimulation and psychological interventions, and their combination, for… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.59, 1.21] | 3 studies · 201 participants | Very low |
Psychological therapy vs usual care and/or attention control Adverse events: death ‐ at end of treatment (secondary outcome) · people with depression after stroke Pharmacological, non‐invasive brain stimulation and psychological interventions, and their combination, for… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.65 [0.26, 1.66] | 9 studies · 889 participants | Very low |
Pharmacological interventions vs placebo Depression: < 50% reduction in scale scores at end of treatment (primary outcome) · people with depression after stroke Pharmacological, non‐invasive brain stimulation and psychological interventions, and their combination, for… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.48 [0.32, 0.7] | 6 studies · 511 participants | Very low |
Psychological therapy vs usual care and/or attention control Adverse events: all ‐ central nervous system events (e.g. suicidal intentions) (secondary outcome) · people with depression after stroke Pharmacological, non‐invasive brain stimulation and psychological interventions, and their combination, for… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.2, 3.9] | 2 studies · 126 participants | Very low |
Psychological therapy vs usual care and/or attention control Adverse events: all ‐ other events ‐ not listed above (e.g. fall, too ill) (secondary outcome) · people with depression after stroke Pharmacological, non‐invasive brain stimulation and psychological interventions, and their combination, for… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.62 [0.13, 3.09] | 3 studies · 254 participants | Very low |
Pharmacological intervention and psychological therapy (combination) vs a pharmacological intervention and usual care or attention control (single) Depression: meeting study criteria for depression at end of treatment (primary outcome) · people with depression after stroke Pharmacological, non‐invasive brain stimulation and psychological interventions, and their combination, for… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Pharmacological intervention and psychological therapy (combination) vs a pharmacological intervention and usual care or attention control (single) Depression: < 50% reduction in scale scores at end of treatment (primary outcome) · people with depression after stroke Pharmacological, non‐invasive brain stimulation and psychological interventions, and their combination, for… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Pharmacological intervention and psychological therapy (combination) vs a pharmacological intervention and usual care or attention control (single) Depression: mean scores at end of treatment (secondary outcome) · people with depression after stroke Pharmacological, non‐invasive brain stimulation and psychological interventions, and their combination, for… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 278 participants | Very low |
Pharmacological intervention and psychological therapy (combination) vs a pharmacological intervention and usual care or attention control (single) Depression: meeting study criteria for depression at end of · people with depression after stroke Pharmacological, non‐invasive brain stimulation and psychological interventions, and their combination, for… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Pharmacological intervention and psychological therapy (combination) vs a pharmacological intervention and usual care or attention control (single) Adverse events: death ‐ at end of treatment (secondary outcome) · people with depression after stroke Pharmacological, non‐invasive brain stimulation and psychological interventions, and their combination, for… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 54 participants | Ungraded |
Pharmacological intervention and psychological therapy (combination) vs a pharmacological intervention and usual care or attention control (single) Adverse events: all ‐ gastrointestinal effects (e.g. constipation, diarrhoea) (secondary outcome) · people with depression after stroke Pharmacological, non‐invasive brain stimulation and psychological interventions, and their combination, for… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 54 participants | Ungraded |
Pharmacological intervention and non‐invasive brain stimulation (combination) vs a pharmacological intervention and sham stimulation or usual care (single) Depression: meeting the criteria for depression at end of treatment (primary outcome) · people with depression after stroke Pharmacological, non‐invasive brain stimulation and psychological interventions, and their combination, for… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.77 [0.64, 0.91] | 3 studies · 392 participants | Low |
Pharmacological intervention and non‐invasive brain stimulation (combination) vs a pharmacological intervention and sham stimulation or usual care (single) Depression: < 50% reduction in scale scores at end of treatment (primary outcome) · people with depression after stroke Pharmacological, non‐invasive brain stimulation and psychological interventions, and their combination, for… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.69, 1.3] | 3 studies · 392 participants | Very low |
Pharmacological interventions vs placebo Depression: mean scores at end of treatment (secondary outcome) · people with depression after stroke Pharmacological, non‐invasive brain stimulation and psychological interventions, and their combination, for… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 15 studies · 1535 participants | Ungraded |
Pharmacological intervention and non‐invasive brain stimulation (combination) vs a pharmacological intervention and sham stimulation or usual care (single) Depression: mean scores at end of treatment (secondary outcome) · people with depression after stroke Pharmacological, non‐invasive brain stimulation and psychological interventions, and their combination, for… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 12 studies · 1055 participants | Very low |
Pharmacological intervention and non‐invasive brain stimulation (combination) vs a pharmacological intervention and sham stimulation or usual care (single) Depression: meeting study criteria for depression at end of · people with depression after stroke Pharmacological, non‐invasive brain stimulation and psychological interventions, and their combination, for… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Pharmacological intervention and non‐invasive brain stimulation (combination) vs a pharmacological intervention and sham stimulation or usual care (single) Adverse events: death (secondary outcome) · people with depression after stroke Pharmacological, non‐invasive brain stimulation and psychological interventions, and their combination, for… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.27, 4.16] | 5 studies · 487 participants | Very low |
Pharmacological intervention and non‐invasive brain stimulation (combination) vs a pharmacological intervention and sham stimulation or usual care (single) Adverse events: all ‐ central nervous system events (e.g. headache, seizures) (secondary outcome) · people with depression after stroke Pharmacological, non‐invasive brain stimulation and psychological interventions, and their combination, for… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.5 [0.05, 5.28] | 3 studies · 342 participants | Very low |
Pharmacological intervention and non‐invasive brain stimulation (combination) vs a pharmacological intervention and sham stimulation or usual care (single) Adverse events: all ‐ other events ‐ not listed above (e.g. insomnia, discomfort, headaches) (secondary outcome) · people with depression after stroke Pharmacological, non‐invasive brain stimulation and psychological interventions, and their combination, for… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 7 [0.38, 129.93] | 2 studies · 120 participants | Very low |
Pharmacological interventions vs placebo Depression: meeting study criteria for depression at end of · people with depression after stroke Pharmacological, non‐invasive brain stimulation and psychological interventions, and their combination, for… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Pharmacological interventions vs placebo Adverse events: death (secondary outcome) · people with depression after stroke Pharmacological, non‐invasive brain stimulation and psychological interventions, and their combination, for… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.2, 2.07] | 9 studies · 848 participants | Very low |
Pharmacological interventions vs placebo Adverse events: all ‐ central nervous system events (e.g. confusion, sedation, tremor) (secondary outcome) · people with depression after stroke Pharmacological, non‐invasive brain stimulation and psychological interventions, and their combination, for… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.55 [1.12, 2.15] | 5 studies · 488 participants | Very low |
Pharmacological interventions vs placebo Adverse events: all ‐ gastrointestinal effects (e.g. constipation, diarrhoea) (secondary outcome) · people with depression after stroke Pharmacological, non‐invasive brain stimulation and psychological interventions, and their combination, for… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.62 [1.19, 2.19] | 4 studies · 473 participants | Very low |
Non‐invasive brain stimulation vs sham non‐invasive brain stimulation and/or usual care Depression: meeting study criteria for depression at end of treatment (primary outcome) · people with depression after stroke Pharmacological, non‐invasive brain stimulation and psychological interventions, and their combination, for… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.67 [0.39, 1.14] | 2 studies · 130 participants | Very low |
Non‐invasive brain stimulation vs sham non‐invasive brain stimulation and/or usual care Depression: < 50% reduction in scale scores at end of treatment (primary outcome) · people with depression after stroke Pharmacological, non‐invasive brain stimulation and psychological interventions, and their combination, for… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.52, 1.37] | 2 studies · 130 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Recombinant activated factor VII vs placebo/open control Death or dependence (mRS 4–6) · adults with acute spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage Haemostatic therapies for stroke due to acute, spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.74, 1.05] | 7 studies · 1454 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Antifibrinolytic drug(s) vs placebo/open control All serious adverse events · adults with acute spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage Haemostatic therapies for stroke due to acute, spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.75, 1.39] | 4 studies · 2599 participants | High |
Summary of findings table ‐ Antifibrinolytic drug(s) vs placebo/open control Death from any cause · adults with acute spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage Haemostatic therapies for stroke due to acute, spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.89, 1.18] | 8 studies · 2866 participants | High |
Summary of findings table ‐ Antifibrinolytic drug(s) vs placebo/open control Quality of life (EuroQoL health utility score) · adults with acute spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage Haemostatic therapies for stroke due to acute, spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 2349 participants | High |
Summary of findings table ‐ Antifibrinolytic drug(s) vs placebo/open control Mood · adults with acute spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage Haemostatic therapies for stroke due to acute, spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 2349 participants | High |
Summary of findings table ‐ Antifibrinolytic drug(s) vs placebo/open control Cognitive function · adults with acute spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage Haemostatic therapies for stroke due to acute, spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 2325 participants | High |
Summary of findings table ‐ Platelet transfusion vs open control Death or dependence (mRS 4–6) · adults with acute spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage associated with antiplatelet drug use Haemostatic therapies for stroke due to acute, spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.29 [1.04, 1.61] | 1 study · 190 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Platelet transfusion vs open control Intracerebral haemorrhage expansion by 24 hours · adults with acute spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage associated with antiplatelet drug use Haemostatic therapies for stroke due to acute, spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.32 [0.91, 1.92] | 1 study · 153 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Platelet transfusion vs open control All serious adverse events · adults with acute spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage associated with antiplatelet drug use Haemostatic therapies for stroke due to acute, spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.46 [0.98, 2.16] | 1 study · 190 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Platelet transfusion vs open control Death from any cause · adults with acute spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage associated with antiplatelet drug use Haemostatic therapies for stroke due to acute, spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.42 [0.88, 2.28] | 1 study · 190 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Platelet transfusion vs open control Quality of life ‐ not reported · adults with acute spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage associated with antiplatelet drug use Haemostatic therapies for stroke due to acute, spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Recombinant activated factor VII vs placebo/open control Intracerebral haemorrhage expansion by 24 hours · adults with acute spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage Haemostatic therapies for stroke due to acute, spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.56, 1.16] | 4 studies · 220 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Platelet transfusion vs open control Mood ‐ not reported · adults with acute spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage associated with antiplatelet drug use Haemostatic therapies for stroke due to acute, spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Platelet transfusion vs open control Cognitive function ‐ not reported · adults with acute spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage associated with antiplatelet drug use Haemostatic therapies for stroke due to acute, spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Prothrombin complex concentrates vs fresh frozen plasma Death or dependence (mRS 4–6) · adults with acute spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage associated with anticoagulant drug use Haemostatic therapies for stroke due to acute, spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.21 [0.76, 1.9] | 1 study · 37 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Prothrombin complex concentrates vs fresh frozen plasma Intracerebral haemorrhage expansion by 24 hours · adults with acute spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage associated with anticoagulant drug use Haemostatic therapies for stroke due to acute, spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.54 [0.23, 1.22] | 1 study · 36 participants | Very low |