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Search review questions

Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

Limit to evidence status or GRADE (optional)

2,589 questions in 168 reviews · Schizophrenia

current versions
No studies 601 · 23.2%Ungraded 446 · 17.2%Very low 721 · 27.8%Low 505 · 19.5%Moderate 274 · 10.6%High 42 · 1.6%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

QuestionEffectEvidenceStatus / GRADE
HALOPERIDOL vs BENZODIAZEPINE: c. MIDAZOLAM
Tranquillisation or asleep ‐ not reported · patients with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation
Haloperidol for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
HALOPERIDOL vs BENZODIAZEPINE: c. MIDAZOLAM
Repeated need for rapid tranquillisation ‐ not reported · patients with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation
Haloperidol for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
HALOPERIDOL vs BENZODIAZEPINE: c. MIDAZOLAM
Specific behaviour ‐ threat or injury to self or others ‐ not reported · patients with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation
Haloperidol for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
HALOPERIDOL vs BENZODIAZEPINE: c. MIDAZOLAM
Global outcome Need for rescue drug · patients with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation
Haloperidol for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2017) · Cochrane
RR 1.14 [0.46, 2.87]1 study · 84 participantsLow
HALOPERIDOL vs BENZODIAZEPINE: c. MIDAZOLAM
Adverse effects ‐ general ‐ one or more drug‐related adverse effect · patients with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation
Haloperidol for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2017) · Cochrane
RR 5 [0.25, 101.11]1 study · 84 participantsLow
HALOPERIDOL vs BENZODIAZEPINE: c. MIDAZOLAM
Economic outcome ‐ not reported · patients with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation
Haloperidol for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: a. HALOPERIDOL + LEVOMEPROMAZINE
Tranquillisation or asleep ‐ not reported · patients with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation
Haloperidol for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: a. HALOPERIDOL + LEVOMEPROMAZINE
Repeated need for tranquillisation ‐ not reported · patients with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation
Haloperidol for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Clozapine: very low dose (up to 149 mg/day) vs low dose (150 mg/day to 300 mg/day)
Global state: clinically important response, as defined by individual studies · patients with schizophrenia
Clozapine dose for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
Clozapine: very low dose (up to 149 mg/day) vs standard dose (301 mg/day to 600 mg/day)
Functioning: clinically important change in general functioning, as defined by individual studies · patients with schizophrenia
Clozapine dose for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
Clozapine: very low dose (up to 149 mg/day) vs standard dose (301 mg/day to 600 mg/day)
Adverse effect: clinically important adverse effect (weight ‐ BMI) · patients with schizophrenia
Clozapine dose for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 58 participantsLow
Clozapine: very low dose (up to 149 mg/day) vs standard dose (301 mg/day to 600 mg/day)
Service use: number of days hospitalised · patients with schizophrenia
Clozapine dose for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
Clozapine: very low dose (up to 149 mg/day) vs standard dose (301 mg/day to 600 mg/day)
Service use: time to hospitalisation · patients with schizophrenia
Clozapine dose for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
Clozapine: very low dose (up to 149 mg/day) vs standard dose (301 mg/day to 600 mg/day)
Quality of life: clinically important change in general quality of life · patients with schizophrenia
Clozapine dose for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
Clozapine: low dose (150 mg/day to 300 mg/day) vs standard dose (301 mg/day to 600 mg/day)
Global state: clinically important response, as defined by individual studies · patients with schizophrenia
Clozapine dose for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
Clozapine: low dose (150 mg/day to 300 mg/day) vs standard dose (301 mg/day to 600 mg/day)
Mental state: clinically important response in mental state BPRS score >30% change · patients with schizophrenia
Clozapine dose for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane
RR 0.93 [0.78, 1.1]1 study · 176 participantsLow
Clozapine: low dose (150 mg/day to 300 mg/day) vs standard dose (301 mg/day to 600 mg/day)
Functioning: clinically important change in general functioning, as defined by individual studies · patients with schizophrenia
Clozapine dose for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
Clozapine: low dose (150 mg/day to 300 mg/day) vs standard dose (301 mg/day to 600 mg/day)
Adverse effect: clinically important adverse effect ( weight ‐ BMI) · patients with schizophrenia
Clozapine dose for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 57 participantsLow
Clozapine: low dose (150 mg/day to 300 mg/day) vs standard dose (301 mg/day to 600 mg/day)
Service use: number of days hospitalised · patients with schizophrenia
Clozapine dose for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
Clozapine: very low dose (up to 149 mg/day) vs low dose (150 mg/day to 300 mg/day)
Mental state: clinically important response, as defined by individual studies * · patients with schizophrenia
Clozapine dose for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 31 participantsVery low
Clozapine: low dose (150 mg/day to 300 mg/day) vs standard dose (301 mg/day to 600 mg/day)
Service use: time to hospitalisation · patients with schizophrenia
Clozapine dose for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
Clozapine: low dose (150 mg/day to 300 mg/day) vs standard dose (301 mg/day to 600 mg/day)
Quality of life: clinically important change in general quality of life · patients with schizophrenia
Clozapine dose for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
Clozapine: very low dose (up to 149 mg/day) vs low dose (150 mg/day to 300 mg/day)
Functioning: clinically important change in general functioning, as defined by individual studies · patients with schizophrenia
Clozapine dose for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
Clozapine: very low dose (up to 149 mg/day) vs low dose (150 mg/day to 300 mg/day)
Adverse effect: clinically important adverse effect (weight ‐ BMI) · patients with schizophrenia
Clozapine dose for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 59 participantsLow
Clozapine: very low dose (up to 149 mg/day) vs low dose (150 mg/day to 300 mg/day)
Service use: number of days hospitalised · patients with schizophrenia
Clozapine dose for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
Clozapine: very low dose (up to 149 mg/day) vs low dose (150 mg/day to 300 mg/day)
Service use: time to hospitalisation · patients with schizophrenia
Clozapine dose for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
Clozapine: very low dose (up to 149 mg/day) vs low dose (150 mg/day to 300 mg/day)
Quality of life: clinically important change in general quality of life · patients with schizophrenia
Clozapine dose for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
Clozapine: very low dose (up to 149 mg/day) vs standard dose (301 mg/day to 600 mg/day)
Global state: clinically important response, as defined by individual studies · patients with schizophrenia
Clozapine dose for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
Clozapine: very low dose (up to 149 mg/day) vs standard dose (301 mg/day to 600 mg/day)
Mental state: clinically important response, as defined by individual studies * · patients with schizophrenia
Clozapine dose for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 31 participantsVery low
De‐escalation for aggression thought to be due to psychosis vs standard care
Clinically important changes in global state · people who are aggressive secondary to serious mental illness
De‐escalation techniques for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
De‐escalation for aggression thought to be due to psychosis vs standard care
Aggression ‐ Improved to an important extent · people who are aggressive secondary to serious mental illness
De‐escalation techniques for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
De‐escalation for aggression thought to be due to psychosis vs standard care
Aggression ‐ deterioration: incidence of violence to self or others · people who are aggressive secondary to serious mental illness
De‐escalation techniques for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
De‐escalation for aggression thought to be due to psychosis vs standard care
Aggression ‐ changes in aggression as recorded by any other outcomes · people who are aggressive secondary to serious mental illness
De‐escalation techniques for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
De‐escalation for aggression thought to be due to psychosis vs standard care
Adverse effects ‐ physical adverse effects · people who are aggressive secondary to serious mental illness
De‐escalation techniques for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
De‐escalation for aggression thought to be due to psychosis vs standard care
Adverse effects ‐ death, suicide or natural causes · people who are aggressive secondary to serious mental illness
De‐escalation techniques for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
De‐escalation for aggression thought to be due to psychosis vs standard care
Adverse effects ‐ psychological adverse effects · people who are aggressive secondary to serious mental illness
De‐escalation techniques for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Communication skills training vs no specific training
Adherence to Adherence to treatment: taking of medication, attending appointments · psychiatrists and people with schizoaffective disorder or schizophrenia
Communication skills training for mental health professionals working with people with severe mental illness (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Communication skills training vs no specific training
Patient satisfaction: 1. Satisfaction with treatment: average endpoint score (CSQ‐8, high = good, medium term) · psychiatrists and people with schizoaffective disorder or schizophrenia
Communication skills training for mental health professionals working with people with severe mental illness (2017) · Cochrane
mean difference 1.771 study · 66 participantsLow
Communication skills training vs no specific training
Patient satisfaction: 2. Satisfaction with therapeutic relationship: average endpoint score (STAR‐P, high = good, medium term) · psychiatrists and people with schizoaffective disorder or schizophrenia
Communication skills training for mental health professionals working with people with severe mental illness (2017) · Cochrane
mean difference 0.211 study · 63 participantsLow
Communication skills training vs no specific training
Mental state: General, Positive and Negative Symptoms: Average endpoint score (PANSS General, Positive, Negative, high = poor, medium term) · psychiatrists and people with schizoaffective disorder or schizophrenia
Communication skills training for mental health professionals working with people with severe mental illness (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 59 participantsLow
Communication skills training vs no specific training
Global State: clinically important improvement · psychiatrists and people with schizoaffective disorder or schizophrenia
Communication skills training for mental health professionals working with people with severe mental illness (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Communication skills training vs no specific training
Service Use: hospital admission, days in hospital · psychiatrists and people with schizoaffective disorder or schizophrenia
Communication skills training for mental health professionals working with people with severe mental illness (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Communication skills training vs no specific training
Quality of Life: clinically important improvement · psychiatrists and people with schizoaffective disorder or schizophrenia
Communication skills training for mental health professionals working with people with severe mental illness (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Glycerol laxative vs tuina massage
Global or clinical change in constipation (a) as defined by the study Still constipated (no defecation) at 2 days · antipsychotic‐related constipation
Pharmacological treatment for antipsychotic‐related constipation (2017) · Cochrane
RR 2.88 [1.89, 4.39]1 study · 120 participantsVery low
Glycerol laxative vs tuina massage
Adverse events · antipsychotic‐related constipation
Pharmacological treatment for antipsychotic‐related constipation (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Glycerol laxative vs tuina massage
Leaving the study early · antipsychotic‐related constipation
Pharmacological treatment for antipsychotic‐related constipation (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Glycerol laxative vs tuina massage
Economic costs · antipsychotic‐related constipation
Pharmacological treatment for antipsychotic‐related constipation (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Glycerol laxative vs acupuncture
Global or clinical change in constipation (a) as defined by the study Still constipated (no defecation) at 2 days · antipsychotic‐related constipation
Pharmacological treatment for antipsychotic‐related constipation (2017) · Cochrane
RR 3.5 [2.18, 5.62]1 study · 120 participantsVery low
Glycerol laxative vs acupuncture
Still constipated (no defecation) at 3 days · antipsychotic‐related constipation
Pharmacological treatment for antipsychotic‐related constipation (2017) · Cochrane
RR 8 [2.54, 25.16]1 study · 120 participantsVery low
Glycerol laxative vs acupuncture
(b) Change in the frequency of defecation · antipsychotic‐related constipation
Pharmacological treatment for antipsychotic‐related constipation (2017) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies