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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,589 questions in 168 reviews · Schizophrenia
current versionsNo studies 601 · 23.2%Ungraded 446 · 17.2%Very low 721 · 27.8%Low 505 · 19.5%Moderate 274 · 10.6%High 42 · 1.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
HALOPERIDOL vs BENZODIAZEPINE: c. MIDAZOLAM Tranquillisation or asleep ‐ not reported · patients with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Haloperidol for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
HALOPERIDOL vs BENZODIAZEPINE: c. MIDAZOLAM Repeated need for rapid tranquillisation ‐ not reported · patients with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Haloperidol for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
HALOPERIDOL vs BENZODIAZEPINE: c. MIDAZOLAM Specific behaviour ‐ threat or injury to self or others ‐ not reported · patients with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Haloperidol for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
HALOPERIDOL vs BENZODIAZEPINE: c. MIDAZOLAM Global outcome Need for rescue drug · patients with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Haloperidol for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.14 [0.46, 2.87] | 1 study · 84 participants | Low |
HALOPERIDOL vs BENZODIAZEPINE: c. MIDAZOLAM Adverse effects ‐ general ‐ one or more drug‐related adverse effect · patients with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Haloperidol for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2017) · Cochrane | RR 5 [0.25, 101.11] | 1 study · 84 participants | Low |
HALOPERIDOL vs BENZODIAZEPINE: c. MIDAZOLAM Economic outcome ‐ not reported · patients with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Haloperidol for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: a. HALOPERIDOL + LEVOMEPROMAZINE Tranquillisation or asleep ‐ not reported · patients with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Haloperidol for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: a. HALOPERIDOL + LEVOMEPROMAZINE Repeated need for tranquillisation ‐ not reported · patients with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Haloperidol for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Clozapine: very low dose (up to 149 mg/day) vs low dose (150 mg/day to 300 mg/day) Global state: clinically important response, as defined by individual studies · patients with schizophrenia Clozapine dose for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Clozapine: very low dose (up to 149 mg/day) vs standard dose (301 mg/day to 600 mg/day) Functioning: clinically important change in general functioning, as defined by individual studies · patients with schizophrenia Clozapine dose for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Clozapine: very low dose (up to 149 mg/day) vs standard dose (301 mg/day to 600 mg/day) Adverse effect: clinically important adverse effect (weight ‐ BMI) · patients with schizophrenia Clozapine dose for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 58 participants | Low |
Clozapine: very low dose (up to 149 mg/day) vs standard dose (301 mg/day to 600 mg/day) Service use: number of days hospitalised · patients with schizophrenia Clozapine dose for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Clozapine: very low dose (up to 149 mg/day) vs standard dose (301 mg/day to 600 mg/day) Service use: time to hospitalisation · patients with schizophrenia Clozapine dose for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Clozapine: very low dose (up to 149 mg/day) vs standard dose (301 mg/day to 600 mg/day) Quality of life: clinically important change in general quality of life · patients with schizophrenia Clozapine dose for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Clozapine: low dose (150 mg/day to 300 mg/day) vs standard dose (301 mg/day to 600 mg/day) Global state: clinically important response, as defined by individual studies · patients with schizophrenia Clozapine dose for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Clozapine: low dose (150 mg/day to 300 mg/day) vs standard dose (301 mg/day to 600 mg/day) Mental state: clinically important response in mental state BPRS score >30% change · patients with schizophrenia Clozapine dose for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.78, 1.1] | 1 study · 176 participants | Low |
Clozapine: low dose (150 mg/day to 300 mg/day) vs standard dose (301 mg/day to 600 mg/day) Functioning: clinically important change in general functioning, as defined by individual studies · patients with schizophrenia Clozapine dose for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Clozapine: low dose (150 mg/day to 300 mg/day) vs standard dose (301 mg/day to 600 mg/day) Adverse effect: clinically important adverse effect ( weight ‐ BMI) · patients with schizophrenia Clozapine dose for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 57 participants | Low |
Clozapine: low dose (150 mg/day to 300 mg/day) vs standard dose (301 mg/day to 600 mg/day) Service use: number of days hospitalised · patients with schizophrenia Clozapine dose for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Clozapine: very low dose (up to 149 mg/day) vs low dose (150 mg/day to 300 mg/day) Mental state: clinically important response, as defined by individual studies * · patients with schizophrenia Clozapine dose for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 31 participants | Very low |
Clozapine: low dose (150 mg/day to 300 mg/day) vs standard dose (301 mg/day to 600 mg/day) Service use: time to hospitalisation · patients with schizophrenia Clozapine dose for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Clozapine: low dose (150 mg/day to 300 mg/day) vs standard dose (301 mg/day to 600 mg/day) Quality of life: clinically important change in general quality of life · patients with schizophrenia Clozapine dose for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Clozapine: very low dose (up to 149 mg/day) vs low dose (150 mg/day to 300 mg/day) Functioning: clinically important change in general functioning, as defined by individual studies · patients with schizophrenia Clozapine dose for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Clozapine: very low dose (up to 149 mg/day) vs low dose (150 mg/day to 300 mg/day) Adverse effect: clinically important adverse effect (weight ‐ BMI) · patients with schizophrenia Clozapine dose for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 59 participants | Low |
Clozapine: very low dose (up to 149 mg/day) vs low dose (150 mg/day to 300 mg/day) Service use: number of days hospitalised · patients with schizophrenia Clozapine dose for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Clozapine: very low dose (up to 149 mg/day) vs low dose (150 mg/day to 300 mg/day) Service use: time to hospitalisation · patients with schizophrenia Clozapine dose for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Clozapine: very low dose (up to 149 mg/day) vs low dose (150 mg/day to 300 mg/day) Quality of life: clinically important change in general quality of life · patients with schizophrenia Clozapine dose for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Clozapine: very low dose (up to 149 mg/day) vs standard dose (301 mg/day to 600 mg/day) Global state: clinically important response, as defined by individual studies · patients with schizophrenia Clozapine dose for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Clozapine: very low dose (up to 149 mg/day) vs standard dose (301 mg/day to 600 mg/day) Mental state: clinically important response, as defined by individual studies * · patients with schizophrenia Clozapine dose for schizophrenia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 31 participants | Very low |
De‐escalation for aggression thought to be due to psychosis vs standard care Clinically important changes in global state · people who are aggressive secondary to serious mental illness De‐escalation techniques for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
De‐escalation for aggression thought to be due to psychosis vs standard care Aggression ‐ Improved to an important extent · people who are aggressive secondary to serious mental illness De‐escalation techniques for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
De‐escalation for aggression thought to be due to psychosis vs standard care Aggression ‐ deterioration: incidence of violence to self or others · people who are aggressive secondary to serious mental illness De‐escalation techniques for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
De‐escalation for aggression thought to be due to psychosis vs standard care Aggression ‐ changes in aggression as recorded by any other outcomes · people who are aggressive secondary to serious mental illness De‐escalation techniques for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
De‐escalation for aggression thought to be due to psychosis vs standard care Adverse effects ‐ physical adverse effects · people who are aggressive secondary to serious mental illness De‐escalation techniques for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
De‐escalation for aggression thought to be due to psychosis vs standard care Adverse effects ‐ death, suicide or natural causes · people who are aggressive secondary to serious mental illness De‐escalation techniques for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
De‐escalation for aggression thought to be due to psychosis vs standard care Adverse effects ‐ psychological adverse effects · people who are aggressive secondary to serious mental illness De‐escalation techniques for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Communication skills training vs no specific training Adherence to Adherence to treatment: taking of medication, attending appointments · psychiatrists and people with schizoaffective disorder or schizophrenia Communication skills training for mental health professionals working with people with severe mental illness (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Communication skills training vs no specific training Patient satisfaction: 1. Satisfaction with treatment: average endpoint score (CSQ‐8, high = good, medium term) · psychiatrists and people with schizoaffective disorder or schizophrenia Communication skills training for mental health professionals working with people with severe mental illness (2017) · Cochrane | mean difference 1.77 | 1 study · 66 participants | Low |
Communication skills training vs no specific training Patient satisfaction: 2. Satisfaction with therapeutic relationship: average endpoint score (STAR‐P, high = good, medium term) · psychiatrists and people with schizoaffective disorder or schizophrenia Communication skills training for mental health professionals working with people with severe mental illness (2017) · Cochrane | mean difference 0.21 | 1 study · 63 participants | Low |
Communication skills training vs no specific training Mental state: General, Positive and Negative Symptoms: Average endpoint score (PANSS General, Positive, Negative, high = poor, medium term) · psychiatrists and people with schizoaffective disorder or schizophrenia Communication skills training for mental health professionals working with people with severe mental illness (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 59 participants | Low |
Communication skills training vs no specific training Global State: clinically important improvement · psychiatrists and people with schizoaffective disorder or schizophrenia Communication skills training for mental health professionals working with people with severe mental illness (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Communication skills training vs no specific training Service Use: hospital admission, days in hospital · psychiatrists and people with schizoaffective disorder or schizophrenia Communication skills training for mental health professionals working with people with severe mental illness (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Communication skills training vs no specific training Quality of Life: clinically important improvement · psychiatrists and people with schizoaffective disorder or schizophrenia Communication skills training for mental health professionals working with people with severe mental illness (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Glycerol laxative vs tuina massage Global or clinical change in constipation (a) as defined by the study Still constipated (no defecation) at 2 days · antipsychotic‐related constipation Pharmacological treatment for antipsychotic‐related constipation (2017) · Cochrane | RR 2.88 [1.89, 4.39] | 1 study · 120 participants | Very low |
Glycerol laxative vs tuina massage Adverse events · antipsychotic‐related constipation Pharmacological treatment for antipsychotic‐related constipation (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Glycerol laxative vs tuina massage Leaving the study early · antipsychotic‐related constipation Pharmacological treatment for antipsychotic‐related constipation (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Glycerol laxative vs tuina massage Economic costs · antipsychotic‐related constipation Pharmacological treatment for antipsychotic‐related constipation (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Glycerol laxative vs acupuncture Global or clinical change in constipation (a) as defined by the study Still constipated (no defecation) at 2 days · antipsychotic‐related constipation Pharmacological treatment for antipsychotic‐related constipation (2017) · Cochrane | RR 3.5 [2.18, 5.62] | 1 study · 120 participants | Very low |
Glycerol laxative vs acupuncture Still constipated (no defecation) at 3 days · antipsychotic‐related constipation Pharmacological treatment for antipsychotic‐related constipation (2017) · Cochrane | RR 8 [2.54, 25.16] | 1 study · 120 participants | Very low |
Glycerol laxative vs acupuncture (b) Change in the frequency of defecation · antipsychotic‐related constipation Pharmacological treatment for antipsychotic‐related constipation (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |