Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

4,776 questions · 7,311 findings · 959 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 1,498 · 20.5%GRADE not reported 303 · 4.1%Very low 1,839 · 25.2%Low 1,991 · 27.2%Moderate 1,277 · 17.5%High 403 · 5.5%

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Intervention not reported

Infants who did not clear jaundice at six months · infants with biliary atresia

1 finding from 1 review

Glucocorticosteroids for infants with biliary atresia following Kasai portoenterostomy 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low

Intervention not reported

All‐cause mortality or liver transplantation at two years · infants with biliary atresia

1 finding from 1 review

Glucocorticosteroids for infants with biliary atresia following Kasai portoenterostomy 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low

Intervention not reported

Subgroup analysis of infants operated on at less than 70 days of age who did not clear their jaundice by six months after Kasai portoenterostomy · infants with biliary atresia

1 finding from 1 review

Glucocorticosteroids for infants with biliary atresia following Kasai portoenterostomy 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low

PDEI vs placebo

IPSS‐total score

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors for lower urinary tract symptoms consistent with benign prostatic hyperplasia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
11 studies · 4293 participants
Low

PDEI plus alpha‐blocker vs PDEI alone

IPSS‐total score

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors for lower urinary tract symptoms consistent with benign prostatic hyperplasia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 40 participants
Low

PDEI plus alpha‐blocker vs PDEI alone

BPHII score

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors for lower urinary tract symptoms consistent with benign prostatic hyperplasia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

PDEI plus alpha‐blocker vs PDEI alone

Adverse events

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors for lower urinary tract symptoms consistent with benign prostatic hyperplasia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

PDEI + 5‐ARI vs 5‐ARI alone

IPSS‐total score

2 findings from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors for lower urinary tract symptoms consistent with benign prostatic hyperplasia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 695 participants
Moderate
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors for lower urinary tract symptoms consistent with benign prostatic hyperplasia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 695 participants
Moderate

PDEI + 5‐ARI vs 5‐ARI alone

BPHII score

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

2 findings from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors for lower urinary tract symptoms consistent with benign prostatic hyperplasia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors for lower urinary tract symptoms consistent with benign prostatic hyperplasia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

PDEI + 5‐ARI vs 5‐ARI alone

Adverse events

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

2 findings from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors for lower urinary tract symptoms consistent with benign prostatic hyperplasia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors for lower urinary tract symptoms consistent with benign prostatic hyperplasia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.07 [0.84, 1.36]
1 study · 695 participants
Low

PDEI vs placebo

BPHII score

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors for lower urinary tract symptoms consistent with benign prostatic hyperplasia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
8 studies · 3646 participants
Low

PDEI vs placebo

Adverse events

PDEI may leads to higher adverse events compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors for lower urinary tract symptoms consistent with benign prostatic hyperplasia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.42 [1.21, 1.67]
11 studies · 4386 participants
Low

PDEI vs alpha‐blocker

IPSS‐total score

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors for lower urinary tract symptoms consistent with benign prostatic hyperplasia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 933 participants
Moderate

PDEI vs alpha‐blocker

BPHII score

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors for lower urinary tract symptoms consistent with benign prostatic hyperplasia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 550 participants
Low

PDEI vs alpha‐blocker

Adverse events

PDEI showed no clear difference in adverse events compared with alpha‐blockers (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors for lower urinary tract symptoms consistent with benign prostatic hyperplasia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.35 [0.8, 2.3]
4 studies · 786 participants
Low

PDEI plus alpha‐blocker vs alpha‐blocker

IPSS‐total score

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors for lower urinary tract symptoms consistent with benign prostatic hyperplasia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 193 participants
Low

PDEI plus alpha‐blocker vs alpha‐blocker

BPHII score

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors for lower urinary tract symptoms consistent with benign prostatic hyperplasia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

PDEI plus alpha‐blocker vs alpha‐blocker

Adverse effects

PDEI plus alpha‐blocker probably leads to higher adverse effects compared with alpha‐blockers alone (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors for lower urinary tract symptoms consistent with benign prostatic hyperplasia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.81 [1.53, 5.17]
4 studies · 194 participants
Moderate

Epidural analgesia vs intravenous patient‐controlled analgesia

Joint pain at rest · adults having abdominal surgery

1 finding from 1 review

Epidural analgesia versus patient‐controlled intravenous analgesia for pain following intra‐abdominal surgery in adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 384 participants
Moderate

Epidural analgesia vs intravenous patient‐controlled analgesia

Pain on movement at 24 hours Visual analogue scale Scale from zero to 10 · adults having abdominal surgery

1 finding from 1 review

Epidural analgesia versus patient‐controlled intravenous analgesia for pain following intra‐abdominal surgery in adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 80 participants
Low