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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,395 questions in 172 reviews · Gut
current versionsNo studies 420 · 17.5%Ungraded 60 · 2.5%Very low 821 · 34.3%Low 602 · 25.1%Moderate 397 · 16.6%High 95 · 4%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Azathioprine or 6‐mercaptopurine vs placebo Withdrawal due to adverse events · People with surgically‐induced remission in Crohn's disease Azathioprine and 6‐mercaptopurine for maintenance of surgically‐induced remission in Crohn's disease (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.63, 1.29] | 3 studies · 408 participants | Moderate |
Azathioprine or 6‐mercaptopurine vs 5‐aminosalicylic acid Clinical relapse · People with surgically‐induced remission in Crohn's disease Azathioprine and 6‐mercaptopurine for maintenance of surgically‐induced remission in Crohn's disease (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.89, 1.24] | 4 studies · 347 participants | Low |
Azathioprine or 6‐mercaptopurine vs 5‐aminosalicylic acid Endoscopic relapse · People with surgically‐induced remission in Crohn's disease Azathioprine and 6‐mercaptopurine for maintenance of surgically‐induced remission in Crohn's disease (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.52, 1.17] | 1 study · 35 participants | Very low |
Any antibiotic regimen plus N‐acetylcysteine vs the same regimen without N‐acetylcysteine (with or without placebo) Eradication rate · people withH pylori infection N‐acetylcysteine as an adjuvant therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.74 [0.51, 1.08] | 8 studies · 559 participants | Very low |
Any antibiotic regimen plus N‐acetylcysteine vs the same regimen without N‐acetylcysteine (with or without placebo) Gastrointestinal adverse events · people withH pylori infection N‐acetylcysteine as an adjuvant therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.25 [0.85, 1.85] | 5 studies · 336 participants | Very low |
Any antibiotic regimen plus N‐acetylcysteine vs the same regimen without N‐acetylcysteine (with or without placebo) Allergic adverse events · people withH pylori infection N‐acetylcysteine as an adjuvant therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication (2019) · Cochrane | RR 2.98 [0.32, 27.74] | 5 studies · 336 participants | Very low |
Any antibiotic regimen plus N‐acetylcysteine vs the same regimen without N‐acetylcysteine (with or without placebo) Toxic adverse events · people withH pylori infection N‐acetylcysteine as an adjuvant therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 336 participants | Low |
Biofeedback plus standard therapy vs standard therapy Clinical response (adequate improvement or remission) · people with irritable bowel syndrome Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | RR 4.2 [1.4, 12.58] | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Biofeedback plus standard therapy vs sham biofeedback plus standard therapy Abdominal pain (Pain) Scale from: 0 to 4 Lower score = better · people with irritable bowel syndrome Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Biofeedback vs hypnotherapy Clinical symptoms (Improvement) · people with irritable bowel syndrome Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 61 participants | Low |
Biofeedback vs hypnotherapy Quality of life (QoL) · people with irritable bowel syndrome Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Biofeedback vs hypnotherapy Adverse events (AE) · people with irritable bowel syndrome Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Biofeedback vs hypnotherapy Serious adverse events (SAE) · people with irritable bowel syndrome Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Biofeedback vs hypnotherapy Abdominal pain (Pain) · people with irritable bowel syndrome Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Biofeedback vs hypnotherapy Depression · people with irritable bowel syndrome Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 61 participants | Low |
Biofeedback vs hypnotherapy Anxiety · people with irritable bowel syndrome Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 61 participants | Low |
Biofeedback vs counseling Composite Primary Symptom Reduction Score (CPSR) Scale from: ‐100 to 100 Higher score = better · people with irritable bowel syndrome Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 29 participants | Low |
Biofeedback vs counseling Clinical response · people with irritable bowel syndrome Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.48, 2.45] | 1 study · 29 participants | Low |
Biofeedback plus standard therapy vs standard therapy Quality of life (QoL) · people with irritable bowel syndrome Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Biofeedback vs counseling Quality of life (QoL) · people with irritable bowel syndrome Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 29 participants | Very low |
Biofeedback vs counseling Adverse events (AE) · people with irritable bowel syndrome Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 29 participants | Low |
Biofeedback vs counseling Serious adverse events (SAE) · people with irritable bowel syndrome Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 29 participants | Low |
Biofeedback vs counseling Abdominal pain (Pain) Scale from: 0 to 4 Lower score = better · people with irritable bowel syndrome Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 29 participants | Low |
Multi‐component psychological intervention (with biofeedback) vs no‐treatment control Composite Primary Symptom Reduction Score (CPSR) Scale from: ‐100 to 100 higher score = better · people with irritable bowel syndrome Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 101 participants | Very low |
Multi‐component psychological intervention (with biofeedback) vs no‐treatment control Clinical Response · people with irritable bowel syndrome Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | RR 2.12 [1.24, 3.62] | 3 studies · 101 participants | Very low |
Multi‐component psychological intervention (with biofeedback) vs no‐treatment control Quality of life (QoL) · people with irritable bowel syndrome Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Multi‐component psychological intervention (with biofeedback) vs no‐treatment control Adverse events (AE) · people with irritable bowel syndrome Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Multi‐component psychological intervention (with biofeedback) vs no‐treatment control Serious adverse events (SAE) · people with irritable bowel syndrome Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Multi‐component psychological intervention (with biofeedback) vs no‐treatment control Abdominal pain (Pain) · people with irritable bowel syndrome Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 82 participants | Very low |
Biofeedback plus standard therapy vs standard therapy Adverse events (AE) · people with irritable bowel syndrome Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Multi‐component psychological intervention (with biofeedback) vs no‐treatment control Depression · people with irritable bowel syndrome Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 82 participants | Very low |
Multi‐component psychological intervention (with biofeedback) vs no‐treatment control Anxiety (state) · people with irritable bowel syndrome Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 82 participants | Very low |
Multi‐component psychological intervention (with biofeedback) vs no‐treatment control Anxiety (trait) · people with irritable bowel syndrome Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 82 participants | Very low |
Multi‐component psychological intervention (with biofeedback) vs attention control Composite Primary Symptom Reduction Score (CPSR) Scale from: 0% to 100% Higher score = better · people with irritable bowel syndrome Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 80 participants | Very low |
Multi‐component psychological intervention (with biofeedback) vs attention control Clinical response · people with irritable bowel syndrome Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.1 [0.72, 1.69] | 2 studies · 80 participants | Very low |
Multi‐component psychological intervention (with biofeedback) vs attention control Quality of life (QoL) · people with irritable bowel syndrome Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Multi‐component psychological intervention (with biofeedback) vs attention control Adverse events (AE) · people with irritable bowel syndrome Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Multi‐component psychological intervention (with biofeedback) vs attention control Serious adverse events (SAE) · people with irritable bowel syndrome Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Multi‐component psychological intervention (with biofeedback) vs attention control Abdominal Pain (Pain) · people with irritable bowel syndrome Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 80 participants | Very low |
Multi‐component psychological intervention (with biofeedback) vs attention control Depression · people with irritable bowel syndrome Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 80 participants | Very low |
Biofeedback plus standard therapy vs standard therapy Serious adverse events (SAE) · people with irritable bowel syndrome Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Multi‐component psychological intervention (with biofeedback) vs attention control Anxiety (state) · people with irritable bowel syndrome Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 80 participants | Very low |
Multi‐component psychological intervention (with biofeedback) vs attention control Anxiety (trait) · people with irritable bowel syndrome Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 80 participants | Very low |
Biofeedback vs relaxation training Clinical improvement · people with irritable bowel syndrome Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 10 participants | Very low |
Biofeedback vs relaxation training Quality of life (QoL) · people with irritable bowel syndrome Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Biofeedback vs relaxation training Adverse events (AE) · people with irritable bowel syndrome Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Biofeedback vs relaxation training Serious adverse events (SAE) · people with irritable bowel syndrome Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Biofeedback vs relaxation training Stool Frequency · people with irritable bowel syndrome Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 10 participants | Very low |
Biofeedback vs relaxation training Abdominal pain (Pain) · people with irritable bowel syndrome Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 10 participants | Very low |
Biofeedback vs relaxation training Depression · people with irritable bowel syndrome Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 10 participants | Very low |