What do systematic reviews say?

Oral methotrexate vs placebo

Oral methotrexate showed no clear difference in adverse events: minor compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Interventions for cutaneous disease in systemic lupus erythematosus 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.68 [0.39, 1.17]
  1 study · 86 participants
  Moderate

Oral hydroxychloroquine vs placebo

• Interventions for cutaneous disease in systemic lupus erythematosus 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Oral hydroxychloroquine vs placebo

Oral hydroxychloroquine showed no clear difference in primary outcome: partial clinical response compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Interventions for cutaneous disease in systemic lupus erythematosus 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 7 [0.41, 120.16]
  1 study · 20 participants
  Low

5‐HT3 antagonists vs placebo

5‐HT3 antagonists may leads to lower nausea ‐ intraoperative compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.55 [0.42, 0.71]
  12 studies · 1419 participants
  Low
• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.4 [0.3, 0.54]
  10 studies · 1340 participants
  Moderate

Corticosteroids vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether corticosteroids changes vomiting ‐ intraoperative compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.52 [0.31, 0.87]
  6 studies · 609 participants
  Very low

Corticosteroids vs placebo

Corticosteroids probably leads to lower nausea ‐ postoperative compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.59 [0.49, 0.73]
  6 studies · 733 participants
  Moderate
• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.56 [0.37, 0.83]
  6 studies · 609 participants
  Very low

Corticosteroids vs placebo

Corticosteroids may leads to lower vomiting ‐ postoperative compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.68 [0.49, 0.95]
  7 studies · 793 participants
  Low

Antihistamines vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether antihistamines changes nausea ‐ intraoperative compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.99 [0.47, 2.11]
  1 study · 149 participants
  Very low
• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.44 [0.3, 0.64]
  4 studies · 514 participants
  Low

Antihistamines vs placebo

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 149 participants
  Very low

Antihistamines vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether antihistamines changes vomiting ‐ postoperative compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.48 [0.29, 0.81]
  3 studies · 333 participants
  Very low

Anticholinergic medication vs placebo

Anticholinergics may leads to lower nausea ‐ intraoperative compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.67 [0.51, 0.87]
  4 studies · 453 participants
  Low
• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Anticholinergic medication vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether anticholinergics changes vomiting ‐ intraoperative compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.79 [0.4, 1.54]
  4 studies · 453 participants
  Very low

5‐HT3 antagonists vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether 5‐HT3 antagonists changes vomiting ‐ intraoperative compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.46 [0.29, 0.73]
  11 studies · 1414 participants
  Very low

Anticholinergic medication vs placebo

Anticholinergics may leads to lower vomiting ‐ postoperative compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.55 [0.41, 0.74]
  1 study · 161 participants
  Low

Sedation vs placebo

Sedatives probably leads to lower nausea ‐ intraoperative compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.65 [0.51, 0.82]
  8 studies · 593 participants
  Moderate
• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.25 [0.09, 0.71]
  2 studies · 145 participants
  Very low

Sedation vs placebo

Sedatives probably leads to lower vomiting ‐ intraoperative compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.35 [0.24, 0.52]
  8 studies · 593 participants
  Moderate

Sedation vs placebo

Sedatives may leads to lower vomiting ‐ postoperative compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.09 [0.03, 0.28]
  2 studies · 145 participants
  Low

Opioid antagonists vs placebo

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported
• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.75 [0.39, 1.45]
  1 study · 120 participants
  Low

Opioid antagonists vs placebo

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Opioid antagonists vs placebo

Opioid antagonists showed no clear difference in vomiting ‐ postoperative compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.25 [0.35, 4.43]
  1 study · 120 participants
  Low