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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,050 questions in 42 reviews · Incontinence
current versionsNo studies 391 · 37.2%Ungraded 82 · 7.8%Very low 199 · 19%Low 206 · 19.6%Moderate 150 · 14.3%High 22 · 2.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
PFMT prior to surgical intervention vs surgical intervention alone General health status evaluation e.g. Short Form (SF)‐36 ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT prior to surgical intervention vs surgical intervention alone Number of women requiring further treatment such as surgery, drugs, mechanical devices (relapse) ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT added to HSGS vs HSGS alone Number of women cured · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 2.38 [1.19, 4.73] | 1 study · 74 participants | Moderate |
PFMT added to HSGS vs HSGS alone Number of women reporting incontinence at 1 year or more after treatment (subjective) ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT added to HSGS vs HSGS alone Objective measure of urine leakage (e.g. pad test) ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT added to vaginal cones vs vaginal cones alone General health status evaluation e.g. Short Form (SF)‐36 ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT added to HSGS vs HSGS alone Number of women experiencing pain ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT added to HSGS vs HSGS alone Condition‐specific quality of life assessed by patient questionnaire such as Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ), King's Health Questionnaire (KHQ) ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT added to HSGS vs HSGS alone General health status evaluation e.g. Short Form (SF)‐36 ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT added to HSGS vs HSGS alone Number of women requiring further treatment such as surgery, drugs, mechanical devices (relapse) ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT added to vaginal cones vs vaginal cones alone Number of women requiring further treatment such as surgery, drugs, mechanical devices (relapse) ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT added to lifestyle intervention vs lifestyle intervention alone Number of women cured or improved (subjective) ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT added to lifestyle intervention vs lifestyle intervention alone Number of women reporting incontinence at 1 year or more after treatment (subjective) ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Number treated with surgery · patients with lower urinary tract symptoms Invasive urodynamic studies for the management of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men with voiding… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.83, 0.92] | 1 study · 339 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Number whose treatment was changed after assessment with or without urodynamics · patients with lower urinary tract symptoms Invasive urodynamic studies for the management of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men with voiding… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 39.41 [2.42, 642.74] | 1 study · 339 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Number of men with continuing symptoms of voiding dysfunction after treatment following assessment with and without urodynamic studies ‐ not reported · patients with lower urinary tract symptoms Invasive urodynamic studies for the management of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men with voiding… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Incidence of urinary tract infection ‐ not reported · patients with lower urinary tract symptoms Invasive urodynamic studies for the management of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men with voiding… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Subjective participant satisfaction with treatment at 3 months after treatment ‐ not reported · patients with lower urinary tract symptoms Invasive urodynamic studies for the management of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men with voiding… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Need for repeat or alternative treatment within 1 year ‐ not reported · patients with lower urinary tract symptoms Invasive urodynamic studies for the management of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men with voiding… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Health outcome measures such as quality‐adjusted life‐years ‐ not reported · patients with lower urinary tract symptoms Invasive urodynamic studies for the management of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men with voiding… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Antispetic‐coated catheter vs standard catheter Symptomatic CAUTI: without microbiological evidence ‐ silver alloy versus standard · Patients with an indwelling urethral catheter of short‐term duration Types of indwelling urethral catheters for short‐term catheterisation in hospitalised adults (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 4241 participants | High |
Antimicrobial‐impregnated catheter vs standard catheter Urinary sepsis · Patients with an indwelling urethral catheter of short‐term duration Types of indwelling urethral catheters for short‐term catheterisation in hospitalised adults (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Antimicrobial‐impregnated catheter vs standard catheter Patient discomfort whilst catheter is in situ ‐ nitrofurazone versus standard · Patients with an indwelling urethral catheter of short‐term duration Types of indwelling urethral catheters for short‐term catheterisation in hospitalised adults (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 3768 participants | High |
Antimicrobial‐impregnated catheter vs antiseptic‐coated catheter Symptomatic CAUTI: without microbiological evidence ‐ antibiotic versus silver alloy · Patients with an indwelling urethral catheter of short‐term duration Types of indwelling urethral catheters for short‐term catheterisation in hospitalised adults (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.71, 1] | 1 study · 4250 participants | Moderate |
Antimicrobial‐impregnated catheter vs antiseptic‐coated catheter Bacterial resistance towards the antimicrobial agent ‐ not reported · Patients with an indwelling urethral catheter of short‐term duration Types of indwelling urethral catheters for short‐term catheterisation in hospitalised adults (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Antimicrobial‐impregnated catheter vs antiseptic‐coated catheter Symptomatic CAUTI: with microbiological evidence ‐ antibiotic versus silver alloy · Patients with an indwelling urethral catheter of short‐term duration Types of indwelling urethral catheters for short‐term catheterisation in hospitalised adults (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.48, 0.86] | 1 study · 4250 participants | High |
Antimicrobial‐impregnated catheter vs antiseptic‐coated catheter Urinary sepsis · Patients with an indwelling urethral catheter of short‐term duration Types of indwelling urethral catheters for short‐term catheterisation in hospitalised adults (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Antimicrobial‐impregnated catheter vs antiseptic‐coated catheter Patient discomfort whilst catheter is in situ · Patients with an indwelling urethral catheter of short‐term duration Types of indwelling urethral catheters for short‐term catheterisation in hospitalised adults (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.5 [1.32, 1.7] | 1 study · 3708 participants | High |
One type of standard catheter vs another standard catheter Symptomatic CAUTI: with microbiological evidence ‐ nitrofurazone versus standard ‐ not reported · Patients with an indwelling urethral catheter of short‐term duration Types of indwelling urethral catheters for short‐term catheterisation in hospitalised adults (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
One type of standard catheter vs another standard catheter Bacterial resistance towards the antimicrobial agent ‐ not reported · Patients with an indwelling urethral catheter of short‐term duration Types of indwelling urethral catheters for short‐term catheterisation in hospitalised adults (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
One type of standard catheter vs another standard catheter Urinary sepsis · Patients with an indwelling urethral catheter of short‐term duration Types of indwelling urethral catheters for short‐term catheterisation in hospitalised adults (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Antispetic‐coated catheter vs standard catheter Symptomatic CAUTI: with microbiological evidence ‐ silver alloy versus standard · Patients with an indwelling urethral catheter of short‐term duration Types of indwelling urethral catheters for short‐term catheterisation in hospitalised adults (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 4241 participants | Moderate |
One type of standard catheter vs another standard catheter Patient discomfort whilst catheter is in situ Number with burning sensation in urethra ‐ Silicone versus non‐silicone · Patients with an indwelling urethral catheter of short‐term duration Types of indwelling urethral catheters for short‐term catheterisation in hospitalised adults (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Low |
One type of standard catheter vs another standard catheter Symptomatic CAUTI: without microbiological evidence ‐ nitrofurazone versus standard ‐ not reported · Patients with an indwelling urethral catheter of short‐term duration Types of indwelling urethral catheters for short‐term catheterisation in hospitalised adults (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Antispetic‐coated catheter vs standard catheter Bacterial resistance towards antimicrobial agent ‐ not reported · Patients with an indwelling urethral catheter of short‐term duration Types of indwelling urethral catheters for short‐term catheterisation in hospitalised adults (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Antispetic‐coated catheter vs standard catheter Urinary sepsis ‐ not reported · Patients with an indwelling urethral catheter of short‐term duration Types of indwelling urethral catheters for short‐term catheterisation in hospitalised adults (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Antispetic‐coated catheter vs standard catheter Patient discomfort whilst catheter is in situ‐ silver oxide versus standard Number with pain with catheter in place · Patients with an indwelling urethral catheter of short‐term duration Types of indwelling urethral catheters for short‐term catheterisation in hospitalised adults (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 34 participants | Very low |
Antispetic‐coated catheter vs standard catheter Patient discomfort whilst catheter is in situ‐ silver alloy versus standard · Patients with an indwelling urethral catheter of short‐term duration Types of indwelling urethral catheters for short‐term catheterisation in hospitalised adults (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 3718 participants | High |
Antimicrobial‐impregnated catheter vs standard catheter Symptomatic CAUTI: without microbiological evidence ‐ nitrofurazone versus standard · Patients with an indwelling urethral catheter of short‐term duration Types of indwelling urethral catheters for short‐term catheterisation in hospitalised adults (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 4297 participants | High |
Antimicrobial‐impregnated catheter vs standard catheter Symptomatic CAUTI: with microbiological evidence ‐ nitrofurazone versus standard · Patients with an indwelling urethral catheter of short‐term duration Types of indwelling urethral catheters for short‐term catheterisation in hospitalised adults (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 4297 participants | High |
Antimicrobial‐impregnated catheter vs standard catheter Bacterial resistance towards the antimicrobial agent ‐ not reported · Patients with an indwelling urethral catheter of short‐term duration Types of indwelling urethral catheters for short‐term catheterisation in hospitalised adults (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Alpha blocker vs placebo or control Ability to void spontaneously after TWOC without the need for re‐catheterisation · acute urinary retention in adult men The role of alpha blockers prior to removal of urethral catheter for acute urinary retention in men (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.55 [1.36, 1.76] | 9 studies · 1044 participants | Moderate |
Alpha blocker vs placebo or control Incidence of recurrent urinary retention · acute urinary retention in adult men The role of alpha blockers prior to removal of urethral catheter for acute urinary retention in men (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.69 [0.6, 0.79] | 8 studies · 1023 participants | Moderate |
Alpha blocker vs placebo or control Need for prostatic surgery ‐ not reported · acute urinary retention in adult men The role of alpha blockers prior to removal of urethral catheter for acute urinary retention in men (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Alpha blocker vs placebo or control Condition‐specific QoL ‐ not reported · acute urinary retention in adult men The role of alpha blockers prior to removal of urethral catheter for acute urinary retention in men (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Alpha blocker vs placebo or control Cost effectiveness ‐ not reported · acute urinary retention in adult men The role of alpha blockers prior to removal of urethral catheter for acute urinary retention in men (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Alpha blocker vs placebo or control Number with adverse effects · acute urinary retention in adult men The role of alpha blockers prior to removal of urethral catheter for acute urinary retention in men (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.2 [0.74, 1.95] | 4 studies · 657 participants | Low |
Artificial urinary sphincter implantation vs endourethral Macroplastique injection Success rate ‐ dry · men with stress urinary incontinence due to presumed sphincter deficiency after prostate surgery Surgery for stress urinary incontinence due to presumed sphincter deficiency after prostate surgery (2014) · Cochrane | OR 5.67 [1.28, 25.1] | 1 study · 45 participants | Very low |
Artificial urinary sphincter implantation vs endourethral Macroplastique injection Adverse events · men with stress urinary incontinence due to presumed sphincter deficiency after prostate surgery Surgery for stress urinary incontinence due to presumed sphincter deficiency after prostate surgery (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 45 participants | Very low |
Intermittent self‐dilatation vs no treatment Recurrent urethral stricture · males after urethral stricture surgery Intermittent self‐dilatation for urethral stricture disease in males (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.7 [0.48, 1] | 6 studies · 404 participants | Very low |