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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,554 questions in 140 reviews · Heart
current versionsNo studies 272 · 17.5%Ungraded 44 · 2.8%Very low 329 · 21.2%Low 464 · 29.9%Moderate 319 · 20.5%High 126 · 8.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
ICD plus optimal medical therapy vs optimal medical therapy alone First ICD‐related hospitalisation ‐ not reported · people with non‐ischaemic cardiomyopathy Implantable cardiac defibrillators for people with non‐ischaemic cardiomyopathy (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation vs usual care All‐cause mortality · adults with stable angina Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation for adults with stable angina (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.18, 5.67] | 3 studies · 195 participants | Very low |
Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation vs usual care Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) · adults with stable angina Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation for adults with stable angina (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.07, 1.63] | 3 studies · 254 participants | Very low |
Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation vs usual care Exercise capacity (assessed using a variety of outcomes including VO2 max and duration of exercise) · adults with stable angina Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation for adults with stable angina (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 267 participants | Low |
Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation vs usual care Cardiovascular‐related hospital admissions ( · adults with stable angina Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation for adults with stable angina (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.14 [0.02, 1.1] | 1 study · 101 participants | Very low |
Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation vs usual care Health‐related quality of life ( · adults with stable angina Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation for adults with stable angina (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 94 participants | Very low |
Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation vs usual care Return to work · adults with stable angina Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation for adults with stable angina (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation vs usual care Adverse events (e.g. skeletomuscular injury) · adults with stable angina Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation for adults with stable angina (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 101 participants | Very low |
Psychological intervention with or without other rehabilitation vs control (usual care/other rehabilitation) Total mortalityDeaths · people with coronary heart disease (third update) Psychological interventions for coronary heart disease (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.77, 1.05] | 23 studies · 7776 participants | Moderate |
Psychological intervention with or without other rehabilitation vs control (usual care/other rehabilitation) Cardiac mortalityDeaths · people with coronary heart disease (third update) Psychological interventions for coronary heart disease (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.79 [0.63, 0.98] | 11 studies · 4792 participants | Low |
Psychological intervention with or without other rehabilitation vs control (usual care/other rehabilitation) Non‐fatal MI · people with coronary heart disease (third update) Psychological interventions for coronary heart disease (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.64, 1.05] | 13 studies · 7845 participants | Low |
Psychological intervention with or without other rehabilitation vs control (usual care/other rehabilitation) Revascularisation (CABG and PCI combined) · people with coronary heart disease (third update) Psychological interventions for coronary heart disease (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.81, 1.11] | 13 studies · 6822 participants | Moderate |
Psychological intervention with or without other rehabilitation vs control (usual care/other rehabilitation) Anxiety · people with coronary heart disease (third update) Psychological interventions for coronary heart disease (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 12 studies · 3165 participants | Low |
Psychological intervention with or without other rehabilitation vs control (usual care/other rehabilitation) Depression · people with coronary heart disease (third update) Psychological interventions for coronary heart disease (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 19 studies · 5829 participants | Low |
Psychological intervention with or without other rehabilitation vs control (usual care/other rehabilitation) Stress · people with coronary heart disease (third update) Psychological interventions for coronary heart disease (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 1255 participants | Very low |
Low GI vs high GI Total and cardiovascular mortality · Overweight or obese adults Low glycaemic index diets for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low GI vs high GI Unstable angina · Adults with coronary heart disease Low glycaemic index diets for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low GI vs high GI Coronary artery bypass graft surgery · Adults with coronary heart disease Low glycaemic index diets for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low GI vs high GI Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty · Adults with coronary heart disease Low glycaemic index diets for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low GI vs high GI Stroke · Adults with coronary heart disease Low glycaemic index diets for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low GI vs high GI Adverse events · Adults with coronary heart disease Low glycaemic index diets for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low GI vs high GI Fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction · Overweight or obese adults Low glycaemic index diets for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low GI vs high GI Unstable angina · Overweight or obese adults Low glycaemic index diets for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low GI vs high GI Coronary artery bypass graft surgery · Overweight or obese adults Low glycaemic index diets for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low GI vs high GI Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty · Overweight or obese adults Low glycaemic index diets for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low GI vs high GI Stroke · Overweight or obese adults Low glycaemic index diets for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low GI vs high GI Adverse eventsMeasurement unclear · Overweight or obese adults Low glycaemic index diets for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 38 participants | Low |
Low GI vs high GI Total and cardiovascular mortality · Adults with coronary heart disease Low glycaemic index diets for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low GI vs high GI Fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction · Adults with coronary heart disease Low glycaemic index diets for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Total cardiovascular mortality · Free‐living adults who were healthy, had established cardiovascular disease or risk factors for cardiovascular disease Whole grain cereals for the primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Fatal and non‐fatal myocardial infarction · Free‐living adults who were healthy, had established cardiovascular disease or risk factors for cardiovascular disease Whole grain cereals for the primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Unstable angina · Free‐living adults who were healthy, had established cardiovascular disease or risk factors for cardiovascular disease Whole grain cereals for the primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Coronary artery bypass graft surgery · Free‐living adults who were healthy, had established cardiovascular disease or risk factors for cardiovascular disease Whole grain cereals for the primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty · Free‐living adults who were healthy, had established cardiovascular disease or risk factors for cardiovascular disease Whole grain cereals for the primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Stroke · Free‐living adults who were healthy, had established cardiovascular disease or risk factors for cardiovascular disease Whole grain cereals for the primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Total cholesterol change (mmol/L)Objectively measured · Free‐living adults who were healthy, had established cardiovascular disease or risk factors for cardiovascular disease Whole grain cereals for the primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 722 participants | Low |
Adenosine vs calcium channel antagonists Odds of reversion · patients with supraventricular tachycardia Adenosine versus intravenous calcium channel antagonists for supraventricular tachycardia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 622 participants | Moderate |
Adenosine vs calcium channel antagonists Major adverse event: hypotension · patients with supraventricular tachycardia Adenosine versus intravenous calcium channel antagonists for supraventricular tachycardia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 306 participants | Low |
Adenosine vs calcium channel antagonists Length of stay in hospital · patients with supraventricular tachycardia Adenosine versus intravenous calcium channel antagonists for supraventricular tachycardia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Adenosine vs calcium channel antagonists Patient satisfaction · patients with supraventricular tachycardia Adenosine versus intravenous calcium channel antagonists for supraventricular tachycardia (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
clopidogrel plus aspirin vs aspirin alone Cardiovascular mortality · people with coronary disease, ischaemic cerebrovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease or at high risk of… Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus aspirin alone for preventing cardiovascular events (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.88, 1.1] | 7 studies · 31903 participants | Moderate |
clopidogrel plus aspirin vs aspirin alone All‐cause mortality · people with coronary disease, ischaemic cerebrovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease or at high risk of… Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus aspirin alone for preventing cardiovascular events (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.87, 1.25] | 9 studies · 32908 participants | Low |
clopidogrel plus aspirin vs aspirin alone Fatal and non‐fatal myocardial infarction · people with coronary disease, ischaemic cerebrovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease or at high risk of… Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus aspirin alone for preventing cardiovascular events (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.69, 0.9] | 6 studies · 16175 participants | Moderate |
clopidogrel plus aspirin vs aspirin alone Fatal and non‐fatal ischaemic stroke · people with coronary disease, ischaemic cerebrovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease or at high risk of… Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus aspirin alone for preventing cardiovascular events (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.59, 0.91] | 5 studies · 4006 participants | Moderate |
clopidogrel plus aspirin vs aspirin alone Adverse events · people with coronary disease, ischaemic cerebrovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease or at high risk of… Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus aspirin alone for preventing cardiovascular events (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 181 participants | Very low |
clopidogrel plus aspirin vs aspirin alone Major bleeding · people with coronary disease, ischaemic cerebrovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease or at high risk of… Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus aspirin alone for preventing cardiovascular events (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.44 [1.25, 1.64] | 10 studies · 33300 participants | Moderate |
clopidogrel plus aspirin vs aspirin alone Minor bleeding · people with coronary disease, ischaemic cerebrovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease or at high risk of… Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus aspirin alone for preventing cardiovascular events (2017) · Cochrane | RR 2.03 [1.75, 2.36] | 8 studies · 14731 participants | Moderate |
Homocysteine‐lowering interventions (Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine; pyridoxal); B9 (folic acid) or B12 (cyanocobalamin) vs placebo or standard care Myocardial infarction · adults at risk of or with established cardiovascular disease Homocysteine‐lowering interventions for preventing cardiovascular events (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.95, 1.1] | 12 studies · 46699 participants | High |
Enalapril plus folic acid vs enalapril Stroke · adults with hypertension Homocysteine‐lowering interventions for preventing cardiovascular events (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.79 [0.68, 0.93] | 1 study · 20702 participants | High |
Enalapril plus folic acid vs enalapril First unstable angina pectoris episode requiring hospitalisation · adults with hypertension Homocysteine‐lowering interventions for preventing cardiovascular events (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |