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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
866 questions in 43 reviews · Oral and maxillofacial surgery
current versionsNo studies 188 · 21.7%Ungraded 548 · 63.3%Very low 81 · 9.4%Low 37 · 4.3%Moderate 8 · 0.9%High 4 · 0.5%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability, adjusted for DMFS Femur fracture · European GWAS participants · MVMR MR-Egger From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 1.024 [0.960, 1.093] | 489106 participants | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Reference (lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability) Fracture of femur · European-ancestry adults · Lifelong genetic liability, SVMR (IVW), total causal effect From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 1.044 [0.982, 1.110] | 489106 participants | Ungraded |
Higher drinking-water fluoride exposure vs Null / lowest drinking-water fluoride exposure (reference) Lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) · General population (both sexes, all ages) · Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure, Both sexes, main dose-response The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. (2025) | Inverted U-shaped association in both males and females, highest value around 0.6 mg/L (no numeric MD reported in text for main analysis) | NR | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted DMFS (dental caries) vs Lower genetically predicted DMFS Lumbar spine and pelvis fracture · European GWAS participants · SVMR Maximum Likelihood From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 0.950 [0.808, 1.117] | 490700 participants | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability Lumbar spine and pelvis fracture · European GWAS participants · SVMR MR-Egger From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 1.036 [0.956, 1.122] | 490700 participants | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability, adjusted for DMFS Postmenopausal osteoporosis with pathological fracture · European GWAS participants · MVMR MR-Egger From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 1.012 [0.858, 1.193] | 281786 participants | Ungraded |
Higher drinking-water fluoride exposure vs Null / lowest drinking-water fluoride exposure (reference) Risk of fragility fractures · General population (both sexes, all ages) · Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure, Drinking-water fluoride 1.48 mg/L vs null The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. (2025) | RR 1.00 [0.82, 1.21] | NR | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Reference (lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability) Fracture of lumbar spine and pelvis · European-ancestry adults · Lifelong genetic liability, SVMR (IVW), total causal effect From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 1.055 [0.984, 1.130] | 490700 participants | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability, adjusted for DMFS Osteoporosis with pathological fracture · European GWAS participants · MVMR MR-Egger From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 1.002 [0.867, 1.158] | 376746 participants | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Reference (lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability) Forearm bone mineral density (FA-BMD) · European-ancestry adults · Lifelong genetic liability, SVMR and MVMR (IVW) From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | No causal effect of oral diseases on FA-BMD was found (SVMR and MVMR); no numeric estimate reported in text (see Fig. 3). | 8143 participants | Ungraded |
Higher drinking-water fluoride exposure vs Null / lowest drinking-water fluoride exposure (reference) Hip/femoral bone mineral density (BMD) · Females (all ages) · Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure, Females, low-to-moderate risk-of-bias studies: up to ~2.3 mg/L vs null The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. (2025) | MD 0.04 [-0.03, 0.12] | NR | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted DMFS (dental caries) vs Lower genetically predicted DMFS Osteoporosis · European GWAS participants · SVMR Weighted Median From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 1.260 [1.017, 1.560] | 483725 participants | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted DMFS (dental caries) vs Lower genetically predicted DMFS Postmenopausal osteoporosis with pathological fracture · European GWAS participants · SVMR MR-Egger From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 1.355 [0.696, 2.635] | 281786 participants | Ungraded |
Higher drinking-water fluoride exposure vs Null / lowest drinking-water fluoride exposure (reference) Risk of fragility fractures · Females aged over 50 years · Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure, Females over 50 years: drinking-water fluoride 0.25 mg/L vs null The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. (2025) | RR 0.98 [0.83, 1.14] | NR | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted DMFS (dental caries) vs Lower genetically predicted DMFS Femur fracture · European GWAS participants · SVMR Weighted Median From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 1.094 [0.884, 1.354] | 489106 participants | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability Lumbar spine bone mineral density · European GWAS participants · SVMR IVW From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | BETA 0.055 [0.008, 0.102] | 28498 participants | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted DMFS (dental caries) vs Lower genetically predicted DMFS Postmenopausal osteoporosis with pathological fracture · European GWAS participants · SVMR Weighted Median From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 1.214 [0.746, 1.977] | 281786 participants | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Reference (lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability) Fracture of forearm · European-ancestry adults · Lifelong genetic liability, MVMR (IVW), adjusted for DMFS From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 0.995 [0.953, 1.039] | 490889 participants | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability Femur fracture · European GWAS participants · SVMR Weighted Median From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 1.055 [0.979, 1.136] | 489106 participants | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability Femur fracture · European GWAS participants · SVMR Maximum Likelihood From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 1.044 [0.983, 1.109] | 489106 participants | Ungraded |
Higher drinking-water fluoride exposure vs Null / lowest drinking-water fluoride exposure (reference) Risk of fragility fractures · General population (both sexes, all ages) · Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure, Sensitivity (excluding high risk-of-bias studies): 1.8 mg/L vs null The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. (2025) | RR 0.95 [0.70, 1.29] | NR | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability Postmenopausal osteoporosis with pathological fracture · European GWAS participants · SVMR Weighted Median From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 0.979 [0.826, 1.159] | 281786 participants | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted DMFS (dental caries) vs Lower genetically predicted DMFS Lumbar spine and pelvis fracture · European GWAS participants · SVMR MR-Egger From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 0.994 [0.729, 1.355] | 490700 participants | Ungraded |
Higher drinking-water fluoride exposure vs Null / lowest drinking-water fluoride exposure (reference) Risk of fragility fractures · Females aged over 50 years · Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure, Females over 50 years: drinking-water fluoride 1.0 mg/L vs null The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. (2025) | RR 1.26 [1.10, 1.46] | NR | Ungraded |
Higher drinking-water fluoride exposure vs Null / lowest drinking-water fluoride exposure (reference) Lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) · General population (both sexes, all ages) · Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure, Sensitivity (excluding high risk-of-bias studies): above 2.27 mg/L vs null The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. (2025) | MD 0.04 [-0.21, 0.30] | NR | Ungraded |
Higher drinking-water fluoride exposure vs Null / lowest drinking-water fluoride exposure (reference) Risk of wrist fractures · General population (both sexes, all ages) · Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure, Drinking-water fluoride 1.5 mg/L vs null The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. (2025) | RR 0.84 [0.43, 1.65] | NR | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability Forearm fracture · European GWAS participants · SVMR MR-Egger From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 0.994 [0.948, 1.042] | 490889 participants | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability Femur fracture · European GWAS participants · SVMR MR-Egger From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 1.063 [0.991, 1.140] | 489106 participants | Ungraded |
Orofacial cleft (cleft lip and/or palate) as exposure vs Healthy controls without cleft Bleeding Index (BI) · Individuals assessed for periodontal health (mainly children and adolescents, age >2 years) Oral health in patients with cleft lip and palate: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of… (2025) | the bleeding index (BI) showed significantly higher values for subjects with cleft lip and/or palate (BI p < 0.0001) | NR | Ungraded |
Orofacial cleft (cleft lip and/or palate) as exposure vs Healthy controls without cleft Oral microbiota composition · Individuals assessed for oral microbiota (mainly children and adolescents) Oral health in patients with cleft lip and palate: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of… (2025) | no estimate extracted | 8 studies | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Reference (lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability) Postmenopausal osteoporosis with pathological fracture · Postmenopausal women (European ancestry) · Lifelong genetic liability, SVMR (IVW), total causal effect From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 1.014 [0.857, 1.199] | 281786 participants | Ungraded |
Higher drinking-water fluoride exposure vs Null / lowest drinking-water fluoride exposure (reference) Risk of hip fractures · General population (both sexes, all ages) · Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure, Overall dose-response (0 to highest exposure) The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. (2025) | Curve indicated little association and was nearly flat, with a comparatively narrow 95% confidence band (no numeric RR reported in text) | NR | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability, adjusted for DMFS Osteoporosis · European GWAS participants · MVMR MR-Egger From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 1.005 [0.940, 1.074] | 483725 participants | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted dental caries (DMFS index) vs Reference (1-SD lower genetically predicted DMFS) Fracture of femur · European-ancestry adults · Lifelong genetic liability, MVMR (IVW), adjusted for periodontitis From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 1.069 [0.923, 1.239] | 489106 participants | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted DMFS (dental caries) vs Lower genetically predicted DMFS, adjusted for periodontitis Lumbar spine and pelvis fracture · European GWAS participants · MVMR MR-Egger From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 1.034 [0.769, 1.390] | 490700 participants | Ungraded |
Unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) vs Bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP) Plaque Index (PI) · Patients with cleft lip and palate (CLP) Oral health in patients with cleft lip and palate: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of… (2025) | MD -0.13 [-0.38, 0.12] | 2 studies · 117 participants | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability Osteoporosis with pathological fracture · European GWAS participants · SVMR MR-Egger From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 0.953 [0.813, 1.117] | 376746 participants | Ungraded |
Higher drinking-water fluoride exposure vs Null / lowest drinking-water fluoride exposure (reference) Risk of fractures (any site) · General population (both sexes, all ages) · Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure, Drinking-water fluoride 3.0 mg/L vs null The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. (2025) | RR 1.19 [0.87, 1.64] | 4 studies | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability Forearm fracture · European GWAS participants · SVMR Maximum Likelihood From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 0.990 [0.950, 1.032] | 490889 participants | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted dental caries (DMFS index) vs Reference (1-SD lower genetically predicted DMFS) Fracture of lumbar spine and pelvis · European-ancestry adults · Lifelong genetic liability, SVMR (IVW), total causal effect From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 0.950 [0.810, 1.113] | 490700 participants | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted dental caries (DMFS index) vs Reference (1-SD lower genetically predicted DMFS) Fracture of forearm · European-ancestry adults · Lifelong genetic liability, SVMR (IVW), total causal effect From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 0.921 [0.838, 1.012] | 490889 participants | Ungraded |
Orofacial cleft (cleft lip and/or palate) as exposure vs Healthy controls without cleft Probing Pocket Depth (PPD) · Individuals assessed for periodontal health (mainly children and adolescents, age >2 years) Oral health in patients with cleft lip and palate: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of… (2025) | MD 0.88 [0.82, 0.95] | 3 studies · 340 participants | Low |
Higher drinking-water fluoride exposure vs Null / lowest drinking-water fluoride exposure (reference) Risk of fragility fractures · Females (all ages) · Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure, Females: drinking-water fluoride 0.34 mg/L vs null The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. (2025) | RR 0.84 [0.67, 1.07] | NR | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability Postmenopausal osteoporosis with pathological fracture · European GWAS participants · SVMR Maximum Likelihood From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 1.014 [0.872, 1.179] | 281786 participants | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted DMFS (dental caries) vs Lower genetically predicted DMFS, adjusted for periodontitis Postmenopausal osteoporosis with pathological fracture · European GWAS participants · MVMR MR-Egger From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 1.281 [0.640, 2.565] | 281786 participants | Ungraded |
Higher drinking-water fluoride exposure vs Null / lowest drinking-water fluoride exposure (reference) Lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) · Females aged over 50 years · Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure, Females >50, spine BMD dose-response The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. (2025) | Inverted U-shaped curve with a downward trend starting at lower fluoride concentrations than the overall analysis (no numeric MD reported in text) | NR | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability Osteoporosis · European GWAS participants · SVMR Maximum Likelihood From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 0.998 [0.934, 1.067] | 483725 participants | Ungraded |
Higher drinking-water fluoride exposure vs Null / lowest drinking-water fluoride exposure (reference) Risk of fragility fractures · Males · Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure, Males: drinking-water fluoride 0.57 mg/L vs null The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. (2025) | RR 0.83 [0.72, 0.97] | 7 studies | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted DMFS (dental caries) vs Lower genetically predicted DMFS, adjusted for periodontitis Lumbar spine bone mineral density · European GWAS participants · MVMR IVW From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | BETA 0.105 [0.011, 0.199] | 28498 participants | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted DMFS (dental caries) vs Lower genetically predicted DMFS Osteoporosis · European GWAS participants · SVMR Maximum Likelihood From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 1.162 [0.998, 1.353] | 483725 participants | Ungraded |