What do systematic reviews say?

Intramuscular vitamin K vs intravenous vitamin K

Intramuscular vitamin K showed no clear difference in necrotizing enterocolitis: 0.2 mg IV versus 0.5 mg IM compared with intravenous vitamin K (low certainty).

• Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.08 [0.16, 7.1]
  1 study · 54 participants
  Low

Intramuscular vitamin K vs intravenous vitamin K

Intramuscular vitamin K showed no clear difference in sepsis: 0.2 mg IV versus 0.2 mg IM compared with intravenous vitamin K (low certainty).

• Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1 [0.28, 3.58]
  1 study · 52 participants
  Low

Intramuscular vitamin K vs intravenous vitamin K

Intramuscular vitamin K showed no clear difference in sepsis: 0.2 mg IV versus 0.5 mg IM compared with intravenous vitamin K (low certainty).

• Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.86 [0.26, 2.86]
  1 study · 54 participants
  Low

Intramuscular vitamin K vs intravenous vitamin K

Intramuscular vitamin K showed no clear difference in mortality (all infants): 0.2 mg IV versus 0.2 mg IM compared with intravenous vitamin K (low certainty).

• Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.32 [0.56, 3.14]
  1 study · 67 participants
  Low

Intramuscular vitamin K vs intravenous vitamin K

Intramuscular vitamin K showed no clear difference in mortality (all infants): 0.2 mg IV versus 0.5 mg IM compared with intravenous vitamin K (low certainty).

• Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.82 [0.84, 9.46]
  1 study · 64 participants
  Low

Intramuscular vitamin K vs intravenous vitamin K

Intramuscular vitamin K showed no clear difference in bleeding complications: 0.2 mg IV versus 0.5 mg IM compared with intravenous vitamin K (low certainty).

• Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.81 [0.2, 3.27]
  1 study · 54 participants
  Low

Intramuscular vitamin K vs intravenous vitamin K

Intramuscular vitamin K showed no clear difference in intraventricular hemorrhage > Grade II: 0.2 mg IV versus 0.2 mg IM compared with intravenous vitamin K (low certainty).

• Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2 [0.19, 20.72]
  1 study · 52 participants
  Low

Intramuscular vitamin K vs intravenous vitamin K

Intramuscular vitamin K showed no clear difference in intraventricular hemorrhage > Grade II: 0.2 mg IV versus 0.5 mg IM compared with intravenous vitamin K (low certainty).

• Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.72 [0.13, 3.96]
  1 study · 54 participants
  Low

Intramuscular vitamin K vs intravenous vitamin K

Intramuscular vitamin K showed no clear difference in presence of PIVKA II at day 5: 0.2 mg IV versus 0.2 mg IM compared with intravenous vitamin K (low certainty).

• Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.52 [0.37, 6.23]
  1 study · 60 participants
  Low

Intramuscular vitamin K vs intravenous vitamin K

Intramuscular vitamin K showed no clear difference in presence of PIVKA II at day 5: 0.2 mg IV versus 0.5 mg IM compared with intravenous vitamin K (low certainty).

• Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.07 [0.41, 10.43]
  1 study · 57 participants
  Low

Intramuscular vitamin K vs intravenous vitamin K

Intramuscular vitamin K showed no clear difference in presence of PIVKA II at day 25: 0.2 mg IV versus 0.2 mg IM compared with intravenous vitamin K (low certainty).

• Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.08 [0.07, 16.36]
  1 study · 52 participants
  Low

Intramuscular vitamin K vs intravenous vitamin K

Intramuscular vitamin K showed no clear difference in presence of PIVKA II at day 25 ‐ 0.2 mg IV versus 0.5 mg IM compared with intravenous vitamin K (low certainty).

• Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.04 [0.07, 15.74]
  1 study · 51 participants
  Low

Intramuscular vitamin K vs intravenous vitamin K

Intramuscular vitamin K showed no clear difference in necrotizing enterocolitis ‐ 0.2 mg IV versus 0.2 mg IM compared with intravenous vitamin K (low certainty).

• Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1 [0.15, 6.57]
  1 study · 52 participants
  Low

Vitamin D given to infants vs placebo or no treatment

• Vitamin D supplementation for term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 56 participants
  Very low

Vitamin D given to infants vs placebo or no treatment

• Vitamin D supplementation for term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 34 participants
  Very low

Vitamin D given to infants vs placebo or no treatment

Vitamin D given to infants showed no clear difference in adverse effects (hypercalcaemia) compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

• Vitamin D supplementation for term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.45 [0.54, 3.86]
  1 study · 98 participants
  Low

Vitamin D given to lactating mothers vs placebo or no treatment

It is very uncertain whether vitamin D given to lactating mothers changes nutritional rickets ‐ radiological compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

• Vitamin D supplementation for term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.76 [0.18, 3.31]
  3 studies · 536 participants
  Very low

Vitamin D given to lactating mothers vs placebo or no treatment

Vitamin D given to lactating mothers showed no clear difference in adverse effects (hypercalcaemia) compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

• Vitamin D supplementation for term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.31 [0.51, 3.32]
  3 studies · 557 participants
  Low

Vitamin D given to lactating mothers vs placebo or no treatment

Vitamin D given to lactating mothers may leads to lower nutritional rickets ‐ biochemical Alkaline phosphatase, calcium and… compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

• Vitamin D supplementation for term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.06 [0.01, 0.44]
  2 studies · 229 participants
  Low

Vitamin A vs no supplementation

Supplemental vitamin A showed no clear difference in neonatal death compared with no supplementation (moderate certainty).

• Vitamin A supplementation to prevent mortality and short‐ and long‐term morbidity in very low birth weight infants 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.86 [0.66, 1.11]
  6 studies · 1165 participants
  Moderate