Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

884 questions · 892 findings · 68 reviews · Anaesthesia

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No studies found 118 · 13.2%GRADE not reported 156 · 17.5%Very low 187 · 21%Low 270 · 30.3%Moderate 119 · 13.3%High 42 · 4.7%

Alpha2‐adrenergic agonist vs control

Acute stroke (within 30‐days after surgery: new focal neurologic deficit with signs and symptoms lasting longer than 24 hours) · adults undergoing non‐cardiac surgery

1 finding from 1 review

Alpha‐2 adrenergic agonists for the prevention of cardiac complications among adults undergoing surgery 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 11542 participants
High

Alpha2‐adrenergic agonist vs control

All‐cause mortality (within 30‐days after surgery: any reported death) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery

Alpha‐2 adrenergic agonists showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality (within 30‐days after surgery: any reported death) compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Alpha‐2 adrenergic agonists for the prevention of cardiac complications among adults undergoing surgery 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.52 [0.26, 1.04]
16 studies · 1947 participants
Moderate

Alpha2‐adrenergic agonist vs control

Cardiac mortality · adults undergoing cardiac surgery

1 finding from 1 review

Alpha‐2 adrenergic agonists for the prevention of cardiac complications among adults undergoing surgery 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 22 participants
GRADE not reported

Alpha2‐adrenergic agonist vs control

Myocardial infarction (within 30‐days after surgery: sudden death or death resulting from a primarily identifiable cardiac cause) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery

Alpha‐2 adrenergic agonists showed no clear difference in myocardial infarction (within 30‐days after surgery: sudden death or… compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Alpha‐2 adrenergic agonists for the prevention of cardiac complications among adults undergoing surgery 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.01 [0.43, 2.4]
8 studies · 782 participants
Moderate

Beta‐blockers vs control—cardiac surgery

All‐cause mortality (30 days)—cardiac surgery · patients with coronary heart disease and/or valvular heart disease

Beta‐blocker showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality (30 days)—cardiac surgery compared with control—cardiac surgery (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perioperative beta‐blockers for preventing surgery‐related mortality and morbidity 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.73 [0.35, 1.52]
24 studies · 3783 participants
Moderate

Beta‐blockers vs control—cardiac surgery

Acute myocardial infarction—cardiac surgery · patients with coronary heart disease and/or valvular heart disease

Beta‐blocker showed no clear difference in acute myocardial infarction—cardiac surgery compared with control—cardiac surgery (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perioperative beta‐blockers for preventing surgery‐related mortality and morbidity 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.04 [0.71, 1.51]
22 studies · 3553 participants
Moderate

Beta‐blockers vs control—cardiac surgery

Cerebrovascular events—cardiac surgery · patients with coronary heart disease and/or valvular heart disease

Beta‐blocker showed no clear difference in cerebrovascular events—cardiac surgery compared with control—cardiac surgery (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perioperative beta‐blockers for preventing surgery‐related mortality and morbidity 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.52 [0.58, 4.02]
4 studies · 1400 participants
Low

Beta‐blockers vs control—cardiac surgery

Ventricular arrhythmias—cardiac surgery ECG · patients with coronary heart disease and/or valvular heart disease

Beta‐blocker probably leads to lower ventricular arrhythmias—cardiac surgery ECG compared with control—cardiac surgery (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perioperative beta‐blockers for preventing surgery‐related mortality and morbidity 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.37 [0.24, 0.58]
12 studies · 2292 participants
Moderate

Beta‐blockers vs control—cardiac surgery

All supraventricular arrhythmias—cardiac surgery ECG · patients with coronary heart disease and/or valvular heart disease

Beta‐blocker leads to lower all supraventricular arrhythmias—cardiac surgery ECG compared with control—cardiac surgery (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perioperative beta‐blockers for preventing surgery‐related mortality and morbidity 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.44 [0.36, 0.53]
48 studies · 6420 participants
High

Beta‐blockers vs control—cardiac surgery

Bradycardia · patients with coronary heart disease and/or valvular heart disease

Beta‐blocker showed no clear difference in bradycardia—cardiac surgery ECG compared with control—cardiac surgery (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perioperative beta‐blockers for preventing surgery‐related mortality and morbidity 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.61 [0.97, 2.66]
8 studies · 660 participants
Low

Beta‐blockers vs control—cardiac surgery

Hypotension—cardiac surgery · patients with coronary heart disease and/or valvular heart disease

Beta‐blocker showed no clear difference in hypotension—cardiac surgery compared with control—cardiac surgery (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perioperative beta‐blockers for preventing surgery‐related mortality and morbidity 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.54 [0.67, 3.51]
6 studies · 558 participants
Low

Continuation vs discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy

Blood loss requiring further surgery (intraoperatively and postoperatively) · adults undergoing non‐cardiac surgery

Continuation showed no clear difference in blood loss requiring further surgery (intraoperatively and… compared with discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Continuation versus discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy for bleeding and ischaemic events in adults undergoing… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.54 [0.31, 7.58]
4 studies · 368 participants
Low

Continuation vs discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy

Ischaemic events: peripheral thrombosis, cerebral myocardial infarction (within 30 days of surgery) · adults undergoing non‐cardiac surgery

Continuation showed no clear difference in ischaemic events: peripheral thrombosis, cerebral myocardial… compared with discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Continuation versus discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy for bleeding and ischaemic events in adults undergoing… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.67 [0.25, 1.77]
4 studies · 616 participants
Low

Multiple vs single‐injection technique

Time to readiness for surgery2 (minutes) · Adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery

1 finding from 1 review

Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 206 participants
Low

Multiple vs double‐injection technique

Time to readiness for surgery2 (minutes) · Adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery

1 finding from 1 review

Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 524 participants
Moderate

Double vs single‐injection technique

Time to readiness for surgery2 (minutes) · Adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery

1 finding from 1 review

Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

Postoperative sedation 12 hours after surgery (units of RSS, Ramsay Sedation Scale from 1 = Anxious or agitated or restless to 6 = Unresponsive) (MD, 95% CI) · adults having abdominal surgery

1 finding from 1 review

Perioperative dexmedetomidine for acute pain after abdominal surgery in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 80 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Immediate postoperative anxiety (VAS) VAS (0 to 100 mm) measured approximately 90 minutes after surgery or in recovery room 0: no anxiety 100: maximum anxiety possible · patients undergoing elective surgery

1 finding from 1 review

Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 176 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Postoperative anxiety (6‐item STAI) STAI 6‐item (6 to 24) measured 1 hour and 6 hours after surgery 6: no anxiety 24: maximum anxiety possible · patients undergoing elective surgery

1 finding from 1 review

Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 35 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Immediate postoperative anxiety (VAS) VAS (0 to 100 mm) measured after surgery, in recovery, or at discharge from recovery room 0: no anxiety 100: maximum anxiety possible · patents undergoing elective surgery

1 finding from 1 review

Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 524 participants
Low