Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

583 questions · 638 findings · 60 reviews · Infectious Diseases

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No studies found 54 · 8.5%GRADE not reported 98 · 15.4%Very low 118 · 18.5%Low 141 · 22.1%Moderate 141 · 22.1%High 86 · 13.5%

Intervention not reported

Diarrhoea prevalence (All ages) · adults and children

The intervention showed no clear difference in diarrhoea prevalence (All ages) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to improve sanitation for preventing diarrhoea 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.89 [0.73, 1.08]
7 studies · 40129 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Diarrhoea prevalence (Children < 5) · adults and children

The intervention showed no clear difference in diarrhoea prevalence (Children < 5) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to improve sanitation for preventing diarrhoea 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.98 [0.83, 1.16]
4 studies · 16215 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Diarrhoea prevalence (Children < 5a) · adults and children

The intervention showed no clear difference in diarrhoea prevalence (Children < 5a) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to improve sanitation for preventing diarrhoea 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.85 [0.69, 1.06]
3 studies · 14900 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Diarrhoea prevalence (All ages) · adults and children

The intervention may leads to lower diarrhoea prevalence (All ages) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to improve sanitation for preventing diarrhoea 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.61 [0.5, 0.74]
23 studies · 117639 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Diarrhoea prevalence (Children < 5) · adults and children

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes diarrhoea prevalence (Children < 5) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to improve sanitation for preventing diarrhoea 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.64 [0.43, 0.96]
9 studies · 8453 participants
Very low

Topical repellents vs placebo or no treatment

Malaria parasite prevalence · people living in malaria‐endemic areas

Topical repellents may leads to lower malaria prevalence ( compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Topical repellents for malaria prevention 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
Odds ratio 0.81 [0.67, 0.97]
1 study · 55366 participants
Low

Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) intervention vs no WASH intervention

Any STH prevalence · children and adults

Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) intervention showed no clear difference in any STH prevalence compared with no WASH intervention (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to improve water, sanitation, and hygiene for preventing soil‐transmitted helminth infection 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.86 [0.74, 1.01]
14 studies · 36055 participants
Moderate

Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) intervention vs no WASH intervention

Ascaris lumbricoides prevalence · children and adults

Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) intervention showed no clear difference in ascaris lumbricoides prevalence compared with no WASH intervention (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to improve water, sanitation, and hygiene for preventing soil‐transmitted helminth infection 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.87 [0.73, 1.03]
11 studies · 25576 participants
Moderate

Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) intervention vs no WASH intervention

Trichuris trichiura prevalence · children and adults

Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) intervention showed no clear difference in trichuris trichiura prevalence compared with no WASH intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to improve water, sanitation, and hygiene for preventing soil‐transmitted helminth infection 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.94 [0.77, 1.14]
9 studies · 23981 participants
Low

Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) intervention vs no WASH intervention

Hookworm prevalence · children and adults

Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) intervention showed no clear difference in hookworm prevalence compared with no WASH intervention (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to improve water, sanitation, and hygiene for preventing soil‐transmitted helminth infection 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.88 [0.75, 1.04]
9 studies · 24191 participants
Moderate

Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) intervention vs no WASH intervention

Strongyloides stercoralis prevalence · children and adults

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to improve water, sanitation, and hygiene for preventing soil‐transmitted helminth infection 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Non‐pyrethroid‐like indoor residual spraying (IRS) plus insecticide‐treated nets (ITNs) vs ITNs alone

Malaria parasite prevalence · people at risk of malaria

Non‐pyrethroid‐like indoor residual spraying (IRS) plus… leads to lower malaria parasite prevalence compared with ITNs alone (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Indoor residual spraying for preventing malaria in communities using insecticide‐treated nets 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.61 [0.42, 0.88]
16394 participants
High

Non‐pyrethroid‐like indoor residual spraying (IRS) plus insecticide‐treated nets (ITNs) vs ITNs alone

Anaemia prevalence · people at risk of malaria

Non‐pyrethroid‐like indoor residual spraying (IRS) plus… showed no clear difference in anaemia prevalence compared with ITNs alone (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Indoor residual spraying for preventing malaria in communities using insecticide‐treated nets 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.71 [0.38, 1.31]
4288 participants
Low

Pyrethroid‐like indoor residual spraying (IRS) + insecticide‐treated nets (ITNs) vs ITNs alone

Malaria parasite prevalence · people at risk of malaria

Pyrethroid‐like indoor residual spraying (IRS) + insecticide‐treated… showed no clear difference in malaria parasite prevalence compared with ITNs alone (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Indoor residual spraying for preventing malaria in communities using insecticide‐treated nets 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.11 [0.86, 1.44]
10820 participants
Moderate

Pyrethroid‐like indoor residual spraying (IRS) + insecticide‐treated nets (ITNs) vs ITNs alone

Anaemia prevalence (haemoglobin < 8 g/dL) · people at risk of malaria

Pyrethroid‐like indoor residual spraying (IRS) + insecticide‐treated… showed no clear difference in anaemia prevalence (haemoglobin < 8 g/dL) compared with ITNs alone (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Indoor residual spraying for preventing malaria in communities using insecticide‐treated nets 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.12 [0.89, 1.4]
4186 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Malaria parasite prevalence · children and adults at risk of malaria

The intervention probably leads to lower malaria parasite prevalence (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

House modifications for preventing malaria 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.68 [0.57, 0.82]
5 studies · 5183 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Anaemia prevalence · children and adults at risk of malaria

The intervention leads to lower anaemia prevalence (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

House modifications for preventing malaria 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.7 [0.55, 0.89]
3 studies · 3643 participants
High

Intervention not reported

Parasite prevalence (4‐ to 6‐month · adults and childen living in malaria‐endemic areas, Anopheles gambiae complex or Anopheles funestus group

The intervention leads to lower parasite prevalence (4‐ to 6‐month (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) combined with pyrethroids in insecticide‐treated nets to prevent malaria in Africa 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.74 [0.62, 0.89]
2 studies · 11582 participants
High

Intervention not reported

Parasite prevalence (9‐ to 12‐month · adults and childen living in malaria‐endemic areas, Anopheles gambiae complex or Anopheles funestus group

The intervention probably leads to lower parasite prevalence (9‐ to 12‐month (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) combined with pyrethroids in insecticide‐treated nets to prevent malaria in Africa 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.72 [0.61, 0.86]
2 studies · 11370 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Parasite prevalence (16‐ to 18‐month · adults and childen living in malaria‐endemic areas, Anopheles gambiae complex or Anopheles funestus group

The intervention showed no clear difference in parasite prevalence (16‐ to 18‐month (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) combined with pyrethroids in insecticide‐treated nets to prevent malaria in Africa 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.88 [0.74, 1.04]
2 studies · 11822 participants
Moderate