Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

1,718 questions · 1,762 findings · 100 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 507 · 28.8%GRADE not reported 115 · 6.5%Very low 556 · 31.6%Low 444 · 25.2%Moderate 114 · 6.5%High 26 · 1.5%

Pharmacological interventions vs placebo

Kappa‐opioid agonist VAS(0 to 10 cm) · uraemic pruritus

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for itch in people with advanced chronic kidney disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 661 participants
High

Pharmacological interventions vs placebo

Mu‐opioid antagonist VAS(0 to 10 cm) · uraemic pruritus

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for itch in people with advanced chronic kidney disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 62 participants
Low

Pharmacological interventions vs placebo

Nalbuphine VAS(0 to 10 cm) · uraemic pruritus

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for itch in people with advanced chronic kidney disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 179 participants
Low

Pharmacological interventions vs placebo

Cromolyn VAS(0 to 10 cm) · uraemic pruritus

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for itch in people with advanced chronic kidney disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 40 participants
Low

Pharmacological interventions vs placebo

Nicotinamide VAS(0 to 5 cm) · uraemic pruritus

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for itch in people with advanced chronic kidney disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 50 participants
Low

Pharmacological interventions vs placebo

EPO Duo score(0 to 40) · uraemic pruritus

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for itch in people with advanced chronic kidney disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 20 participants
Very low

Pharmacological interventions vs placebo

Cholestyramine 0 to 3 severity scale · uraemic pruritus

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for itch in people with advanced chronic kidney disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 15 participants
Low

Pharmacological interventions vs placebo

Smoking cessation · young people

It is very uncertain whether pharmacological interventions changes bupropion vs placebo Smoking cessation compared with placebo (very low certainty).

3 findings from 1 review

Tobacco cessation interventions for young people 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.49 [0.55, 4.02]
1 study · 207 participants
Very low
Tobacco cessation interventions for young people 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.05 [0.41, 2.69]
1 study · 211 participants
Very low
Tobacco cessation interventions for young people 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.11 [0.48, 2.58]
2 studies · 385 participants
Very low

Pharmacological interventions vs placebo

Adverse events (control ‐ placebo) · young people

3 findings from 1 review

Tobacco cessation interventions for young people 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 207 participants
Very low
Tobacco cessation interventions for young people 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 211 participants
Very low
Tobacco cessation interventions for young people 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 385 participants
Very low

Pharmacological interventions vs placebo

Comparisons and outcomes · young people

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Tobacco cessation interventions for young people 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Non‐pharmaceutical interventions vs placebo/usual care or different forms of intervention

Secondary outcome: quality of life · people within 3 months after stroke

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for sexual dysfunction following stroke 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 68 participants
Low

Non‐pharmaceutical interventions vs placebo/usual care or different forms of intervention

Psychological well‐being (secondary outcome) Not addressed · people within 3 months after stroke

2 findings from 1 review

Interventions for sexual dysfunction following stroke 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 68 participants
Low
Interventions for sexual dysfunction following stroke 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Non‐pharmaceutical interventions vs placebo/usual care or different forms of intervention

Satisfaction with intervention (secondary outcome) Not addressed · people within 3 months after stroke

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for sexual dysfunction following stroke 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Non‐pharmaceutical interventions vs placebo/usual care or different forms of intervention

Marital/relationship/partner satisfaction (secondary outcome) Not addressed · people within 3 months after stroke

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for sexual dysfunction following stroke 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Non‐pharmaceutical interventions vs placebo/usual care or different forms of intervention

Secondary outcome: all adverse events · people within 3 months after stroke

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for sexual dysfunction following stroke 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Non‐pharmaceutical interventions vs placebo/usual care or different forms of intervention

Effect on later sexual function · people within 3 months after stroke

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for sexual dysfunction following stroke 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 68 participants
Low

Non‐pharmaceutical interventions vs placebo/usual care or different forms of intervention

Sexual satisfaction · people within 3 months after stroke

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for sexual dysfunction following stroke 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Antidepressants vs placebo

Depression: meeting study criteria for depression at end of · people with stroke

It is very uncertain whether pharmacological interventions (antidepressants) changes depression: meeting study criteria for depression at end treatment… compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological, psychological and non‐invasive brain stimulation interventions for preventing depression after stroke 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.5 [0.37, 0.68]
9 studies · 734 participants
Very low

Antidepressants vs placebo

Scoring above cut‐off points for a depressive disorder at end of treatment (Analysis 1.2) · people with stroke

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological, psychological and non‐invasive brain stimulation interventions for preventing depression after stroke 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Antidepressants vs placebo

Depression: mean scores at end of treatment (Analysis 1.4) · people with stroke

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological, psychological and non‐invasive brain stimulation interventions for preventing depression after stroke 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 100 participants
Very low