Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

43 questions · 45 findings · 14 reviews · Airways

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No studies found 4 · 8.9%GRADE not reported 3 · 6.7%Very low 4 · 8.9%Low 20 · 44.4%Moderate 12 · 26.7%High 2 · 4.4%

Physical exercise training vs control

Change in peak oxygen uptake Cardiopulmonary exercise test · individuals with stable bronchiectasis

1 finding from 1 review

Exercise training for bronchiectasis 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 19 participants
Very low

Corticosteroids vs placebo

Respiratory arousal index (number of times per hour of sleep time that an increased respiratory effort without a decrease in oxygen saturation is recorded) · Children with obstructive sleep apnoea (aged 15 years or younger)

1 finding from 1 review

Anti‐inflammatory medications for obstructive sleep apnoea in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 75 participants
Low

Montelukast vs placebo

1 finding from 1 review

Anti‐inflammatory medications for obstructive sleep apnoea in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 103 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Oxygen desaturation index (ODI) · participants with sleep apnoea prescribed sedatives, hypnotics (including benzodiazepines (BZDs), non‐BZD GABAA receptor agonists ('Z…

1 finding from 1 review

Effects of opioid, hypnotic and sedating medications on sleep‐disordered breathing in adults with obstructive sleep… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low

Intervention not reported

Fitness6 Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) · children and adolescents aged 18 years and under studies with asthma

1 finding from 1 review

Swimming training for asthma in children and adolescents aged 18 years and under 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 32 participants
High

Intervention not reported

Peak exercise capacity: Peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) (L/min) · people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

1 finding from 1 review

Optimal intensity and type of leg exercise training for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 188 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Breathlessness ‐ all trials Lower score indicates improvement in breathlessness · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who do not qualify for home oxygen therapy

1 finding from 1 review

Oxygen for breathlessness in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who do not qualify for home oxygen… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
32 studies · 865 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Breathlessness ‐ subgroup analysis ‐ studies measuring during exercise test Lower score indicates improvement in breathlessness · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who do not qualify for home oxygen therapy

1 finding from 1 review

Oxygen for breathlessness in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who do not qualify for home oxygen… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
30 studies · 591 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Breathlessness ‐ subgroup analysis ‐ studies not measuring during exercise test Lower score indicates improvement in breathlessness · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who do not qualify for home oxygen therapy

1 finding from 1 review

Oxygen for breathlessness in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who do not qualify for home oxygen… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 274 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Health‐related quality of life ‐ all trials Higher scores indicate improved health‐related quality of life · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who do not qualify for home oxygen therapy

1 finding from 1 review

Oxygen for breathlessness in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who do not qualify for home oxygen… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 267 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Exercise capacity (5‐ or 6‐minute walking distance on cylinder air) · adults with COPD who had exertional dyspnoea but did not fulfil the criteria for long‐term oxygen treatment

1 finding from 1 review

Ambulatory oxygen for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who are not hypoxaemic at rest 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 331 participants
GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

Mortality · adults with COPD who had exertional dyspnoea but did not fulfil the criteria for long‐term oxygen treatment

The intervention showed no clear difference in mortality (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Ambulatory oxygen for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who are not hypoxaemic at rest 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 4.17 [0.48, 36.3]
2 studies · 179 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Quality of life (dyspnoea) Measured on the CRQ, the output is a number from 0 to 7, where higher on the scale is better. MID is 0.5. · adults with COPD who had exertional dyspnoea but did not fulfil the criteria for long‐term oxygen treatment

The intervention probably leads to higher quality of life (dyspnoea) Measured on the CRQ, the output is a… (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Ambulatory oxygen for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who are not hypoxaemic at rest 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
MD 0.28 [0.1, 0.45]
4 studies · 341 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Dyspnoea · adults with COPD who had exertional dyspnoea but did not fulfil the criteria for long‐term oxygen treatment

1 finding from 1 review

Ambulatory oxygen for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who are not hypoxaemic at rest 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 198 participants
GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

Adverse events · adults with COPD who had exertional dyspnoea but did not fulfil the criteria for long‐term oxygen treatment

The intervention showed no clear difference in adverse events (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Ambulatory oxygen for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who are not hypoxaemic at rest 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.77 [0.21, 2.81]
2 studies · 83 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Hospitalisations · adults with COPD who had exertional dyspnoea but did not fulfil the criteria for long‐term oxygen treatment

1 finding from 1 review

Ambulatory oxygen for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who are not hypoxaemic at rest 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Antibiotics vs placebo

Exacerbations · Adults (aged 40 or over) with COPD presenting with 1 or more exacerbations in the previous year. The 2 larger studies (Albert 2011; Sethi…

Antibiotics probably leads to lower number of people with one or more exacerbations WMD of compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic antibiotic therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.57 [0.42, 0.78]
8 studies · 2716 participants
Moderate

Antibiotics vs placebo

Annual Exacerbation Rates · Adults (aged 40 or over) with COPD presenting with 1 or more exacerbations in the previous year. The 2 larger studies (Albert 2011; Sethi…

Antibiotics probably leads to lower rate of exacerbation per patient/year WMD of compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic antibiotic therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
Rate ratio 0.67 [0.54, 0.83]
5 studies · 1384 participants
Moderate

Antibiotics vs placebo

HRQoL: total score · Adults (aged 40 or over) with COPD presenting with 1 or more exacerbations in the previous year. The 2 larger studies (Albert 2011; Sethi…

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic antibiotic therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 2237 participants
High

Antibiotics vs placebo

All‐cause mortality WMD of · Adults (aged 40 or over) with COPD presenting with 1 or more exacerbations in the previous year. The 2 larger studies (Albert 2011; Sethi…

Antibiotics showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality WMD of compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic antibiotic therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.87 [0.66, 1.15]
6 studies · 3309 participants
Moderate