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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

86 questions · 86 findings · 13 reviews · ENT

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No studies found 35 · 40.7%GRADE not reported 2 · 2.3%Very low 14 · 16.3%Low 15 · 17.4%Moderate 18 · 20.9%High 2 · 2.3%

Summary of findings: intranasal steroids plus oral antibiotic vs control plus antibiotic

OME resolution at intermediate‐term · Children with otitis media with effusion

Summary of findings: intranasal steroids plus oral antibiotic showed no clear difference in OME resolution at intermediate‐term compared with control plus antibiotic (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics vs no treatment or placebo on top of topical antibiotics

Resolution of ear discharge ‐ measured after 4 weeks · people with CSOM; one study included patients of unknown age; one study included children with CSOM who had not responded to initial…

It is very uncertain whether systemic antibiotics changes resolution of ear discharge ‐ measured after 4 weeks (6 weeks) (Oral… compared with no treatment or placebo on top of topical antibiotics (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any antimicrobial mouthwash and/or nasal spray (alone or in combination), at any concentration, delivered to the patient or HCW before and/or after an AGP vs No treatment or saline or water

Changes in microbiome in oral cavity, nasal cavity, oro- or nasopharynx · Patients without suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs), and the healthcare workers…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Any antimicrobial mouthwash and/or nasal spray (alone or in combination), at any concentration, delivered to the patient or HCW before and/or after an AGP vs No treatment or saline or water

Other adverse events (allergy, irritation/burning of nasal, oral or oropharyngeal mucosa, long-term staining of mucous membranes or teeth, accidental ingestion) · Patients without suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs), and the healthcare workers…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Antimicrobial mouthwash and/or nasal spray (alone or in combination), any concentration, frequency or dosage vs No treatment or saline or water

Other adverse events (allergy, irritation/burning of nasal, oral or oropharyngeal mucosa, long-term staining of mucous membranes or teeth, accidental ingestion) · Patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Any antimicrobial mouthwash and/or nasal spray (alone or in combination), at any concentration, delivered to healthcare workers, with or without the same intervention given to the patients with COVID-19 vs No treatment or saline or water

Changes in microbiome in oral cavity, nasal cavity, oro- or nasopharynx · Healthcare workers (HCWs) treating patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Any antimicrobial mouthwash and/or nasal spray (alone or in combination), at any concentration, delivered to healthcare workers, with or without the same intervention given to the patients with COVID-19 vs No treatment or saline or water

Other adverse events (allergy, irritation/burning of nasal, oral or oropharyngeal mucosa, long-term staining of mucous membranes or teeth, accidental ingestion) · Healthcare workers (HCWs) treating patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Antimicrobial mouthwash and/or nasal spray (alone or in combination), any concentration, frequency or dosage vs No treatment or saline or water

Changes in microbiome in oral cavity, nasal cavity, oro- or nasopharynx · Patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Tranexamic acid vs placebo + standard care

Control of epistaxis: episodes of re‐bleeding over 10 days All treatments (topical and oral) · adults with nasal haemorrhage (epistaxis)

Tranexamic acid probably leads to lower control of epistaxis: episodes of re‐bleeding over 10 days All… compared with placebo plus usual care or usual care alone (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Tranexamic acid vs placebo + standard care

Control of epistaxis: episodes of re‐bleeding over 10 days Oral treatment only · adults with nasal haemorrhage (epistaxis)

Tranexamic acid probably leads to lower control of epistaxis: episodes of re‐bleeding over 10 days Oral… compared with placebo plus usual care or usual care alone (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review