Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

74 questions · 100 findings · 20 reviews

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No studies found 15 · 15%GRADE not reported 15 · 15%Very low 30 · 30%Low 24 · 24%Moderate 14 · 14%High 2 · 2%

Theory-based oral health education/promotion interventions (HBM, TPB, SCT, HAPA, TTM, PMT, SOC, PRECEDE-PROCEED, MI) vs Control (waitlist, routine/standard oral health education, or minimal intervention)

Mean DMFT (decayed, missing, filled permanent teeth) · school‐age children and adolescents

Theory-based interventions showed no significant effect on DMFT scores (SMD -0.11; low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Health promotion theory-based educational interventions for improving oral health in children and adolescents: a… 2025 All outcomes
Post-intervention (follow-up 3 to 12 months, varies by study) · School-based and community settings; multiple countries (predominantly Iran; also Pakistan, Hong Kong, Lithuania, Thailand) · Overall
SMD -0.11 [-0.27, 0.04]
4 studies · 2556 participants
Low

Theory-based oral health education/promotion interventions (HBM, TPB, SCT, HAPA, TTM, PMT, SOC, PRECEDE-PROCEED, MI) vs Control (waitlist, routine/standard oral health education, or minimal intervention)

Periodontal health status · school‐age children and adolescents

Theory-based interventions significantly improved periodontal health (SMD -1.18; moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Health promotion theory-based educational interventions for improving oral health in children and adolescents: a… 2025 All outcomes
Post-intervention (follow-up 2 weeks to 6 months, varies by study) · School-based and community settings; multiple countries (predominantly Iran; also Pakistan, Hong Kong, Lithuania, Thailand) · Overall
SMD -1.18 [-1.83, -0.53]
4 studies · 3342 participants
Moderate

Theory-based oral health education/promotion interventions (HBM, TPB, SCT, HAPA, TTM, PMT, SOC, PRECEDE-PROCEED, MI) vs Control (waitlist, routine/standard oral health education, or minimal intervention)

Oral health behaviour (1-9 scale) · school‐age children and adolescents

Theory-based interventions significantly improved oral health behavior (SMD 2.58; low certainty), with very high heterogeneity.

1 finding from 1 review

Health promotion theory-based educational interventions for improving oral health in children and adolescents: a… 2025 All outcomes
Post-intervention (follow-up 0.5 to 24 months, varies by study) · School-based and community settings; multiple countries (predominantly Iran; also Pakistan, Hong Kong, Lithuania, Thailand) · Overall
SMD 2.58 [2.03, 3.12]
6 studies · 13973 participants
Low

Theory-based oral health education/promotion interventions (HBM, TPB, SCT, HAPA, TTM, PMT, SOC, PRECEDE-PROCEED, MI) vs Control (waitlist, routine/standard oral health education, or minimal intervention)

Oral health knowledge (1-9 scale) · school‐age children and adolescents

Theory-based interventions significantly improved oral health knowledge (SMD 1.09; low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Health promotion theory-based educational interventions for improving oral health in children and adolescents: a… 2025 All outcomes
Post-intervention (follow-up immediately after to 24 months, varies by study) · School-based and community settings; multiple countries (predominantly Iran; also Pakistan, Hong Kong, Lithuania, Thailand) · Overall
SMD 1.09 [0.80, 1.39]
7 studies · 10904 participants
Low

Theory-based oral health education/promotion interventions (HBM, TPB, SCT, HAPA, TTM, PMT, SOC, PRECEDE-PROCEED, MI) vs Control (waitlist, routine/standard oral health education, or minimal intervention)

Plaque index (PI) / oral hygiene · school‐age children and adolescents

Theory-based interventions significantly reduced dental plaque (SMD -1.92; moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Health promotion theory-based educational interventions for improving oral health in children and adolescents: a… 2025 All outcomes
Post-intervention (follow-up 1 to 24 months, varies by study) · School-based and community settings; multiple countries (predominantly Iran; also Pakistan, Hong Kong, Lithuania, Thailand) · Overall
SMD -1.92 [-2.42, -1.42]
9 studies · 12562 participants
Moderate

Group‐based parent training programmes vs control

Emotional and behavioural problems (parent report) Scales used: BSI‐II, BSQ, CAPES, CBCL, CBQ postintervention · young children

Group‐based parent training programmes showed no clear difference in emotional and behavioural problems (parent report) Scales used:… compared with control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Group‐based parent training programmes for improving emotional and behavioural adjustment in young children 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 280 participants
Low

Behaviour change / oral health promotion interventions delivered by non-dental professionals and health workers (nurses, midwives, health visitors, community health workers) vs control (no intervention/usual care/isotonic exercise)

Caries experience at the surface level (dmfs/defs) · Children (mean age newborn to ~5.2 years) and their parents/carers

Behaviour change interventions delivered by non-dental health workers produced a small, statistically significant reduction in caries experience at the surface level (dmfs SMD -0.15, 95% CI -0.25 to -0.04; 12 studies); the review judged the overall evidence to be of low quality (not GRADE-rated).

1 finding from 1 review

The effectiveness of behaviour change interventions delivered by non-dental health workers in promoting children's… 2022 All outcomes
Primary care and community settings; interventions delivered by non-dental health workers (multiple countries: Australia, Brazil, Canada, India, UK, USA, etc.)
SMD -0.15 [-0.25, -0.04]
12 studies
GRADE not reported

Behaviour change / oral health promotion interventions delivered by non-dental professionals and health workers (nurses, midwives, health visitors, community health workers) vs control (no intervention/usual care/isotonic exercise)

Caries experience · Children (mean age newborn to ~5.2 years) and their parents/carers

Behaviour change interventions delivered by non-dental health workers produced a small-to-moderate, statistically significant reduction in caries experience at the tooth level (dmft SMD -0.34, 95% CI -0.54 to -0.13; 6 studies); the review judged the overall evidence to be of low quality (not GRADE-rated).

1 finding from 1 review

The effectiveness of behaviour change interventions delivered by non-dental health workers in promoting children's… 2022 All outcomes
Primary care and community settings; interventions delivered by non-dental health workers (multiple countries: Australia, Brazil, Canada, India, UK, USA, etc.)
SMD -0.34 [-0.54, -0.13]
6 studies
GRADE not reported

Mindfulness‐enhanced parent training vs no‐treatment, waitlist, or attentional control

Child emotional and behavioural adjustment; postintervention · parents of children between the ages of 0 and 18 years

1 finding from 1 review

Mindfulness‐enhanced parenting programmes for improving the psychosocial outcomes of children (0 to 18 years) and… 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 270 participants
Very low

Action observation vs control: effect on upper limb rehabilitation after stroke

Motor performance Accelerometer, 3‐dimensional motion analysis system, number of acting · upper limb rehabilitation after stroke

1 finding from 1 review

Action observation for upper limb rehabilitation after stroke 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 91 participants
GRADE not reported

Family‐centred care vs control

Psychological health and emotional behaviour of children Timing: the longest time point available for each study Direction of effect: higher beneficial · Indigenous children aged < 5 years

1 finding from 1 review

Family‐centred interventions for Indigenous early childhood well‐being by primary healthcare services 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 384 participants
Very low

Summary of Findings Table ‐ The Lidcombe Program vs waiting list control

Impact of interventions for stuttering on emotional, cognitive and psychosocial domains, or quality of life · children aged six years and younger who stutter

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for stuttering in children six years and younger 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

CST vs control

Emotional exhaustion: Maslach Burnout Inventory: · Healthcare professionals working with people who have cancer

1 finding from 1 review

Communication skills training for healthcare professionals working with people who have cancer 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 202 participants
Low

Acupuncture vs control acupuncture

Quality of life (emotional) · clinical diagnosis of depression

1 finding from 1 review

Acupuncture for depression 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 167 participants
Moderate

Physical activity vs control

Emotional function/mental health at end of intervention · women with breast cancer after adjuvant therapy

1 finding from 1 review

Physical activity for women with breast cancer after adjuvant therapy 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
26 studies · 2102 participants
Moderate

Physical activity vs control

Emotional function/mental health change from baseline to end of intervention · women with breast cancer after adjuvant therapy

1 finding from 1 review

Physical activity for women with breast cancer after adjuvant therapy 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
15 studies · 1579 participants
Low

Summary of findings: NBAS or NBO vs control

Infant social, emotional, cognitive and motor development Assessed when infant aged 4 months, using the BSID; higher scores indicate better development · caregiver‐infant dyads

1 finding from 1 review

The Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) and Newborn Behavioral Observations (NBO) system for supporting… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 125 participants
Low

Regional anaesthesia vs conventional pain control

Knee flexion range of motion (degree) · people undergoing total knee replacement

1 finding from 1 review

Regional analgesia for improvement of long‐term functional outcome after elective large joint replacement 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 140 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Asthma control · adults and children with asthma

The intervention may leads to higher asthma control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Written emotional disclosure for asthma 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
SMD 0.29 [0.01, 0.58]
2 studies · 194 participants
Low

Oral midazolam vs chloral hydrate

Level of sedation on a sedation assessment scale · children requiring sedation before procedures that require motion control, including echocardiography, lumbar puncture, micturating…

1 finding from 1 review

Midazolam for sedation before procedures 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 160 participants
Moderate