Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

188 questions · 193 findings · 30 reviews · Schizophrenia

No studies found 54 · 28%GRADE not reported 23 · 11.9%Very low 50 · 25.9%Low 47 · 24.4%Moderate 15 · 7.8%High 4 · 2.1%

Omega‐3 vs placebo

Prodromal symptoms: transition to psychosis Endpoint data (events) · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis

Group A: omega‐3 fatty acids may leads to lower prodromal symptoms: transition to psychosis Long‐term (events) compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Group C other: family treatment vs enhanced care

Satisfaction with treatment: leaving the study early FACT Long‐term · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis

It is very uncertain whether group C other: family treatment changes satisfaction with treatment: leaving the study early FACT Long‐term compared with enhanced care (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Group C other: integrated treatment vs usual care

Prodromal symptoms: transition to psychosis Endpoint data (events) · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis

It is very uncertain whether group C other: integrated treatment changes prodromal symptoms: transition to psychosis Endpoint data (events)… compared with standard treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Omega‐3 vs placebo

Global state: antipsychotic prescription Long‐term (events) · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis

Group A: omega‐3 fatty acids may leads to lower global state: antipsychotic prescription Long‐term (events) compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

FLUPHENAZINE (ORAL) vs placebo

Adverse effects: Death ‐ long termOccurrences of death · patients with schizophrenia

ORAL FLUPHENAZINE showed no clear difference in adverse effects: Death ‐ long termOccurrences of death compared with PLACEBO (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

CBT plus standard care vs usual care

Global state: 2. Clinically important change (no improvement) ‐ long term · patients with schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether COMPARISON 1: CBT+ STANDARD CARE changes global state: 2. Clinically important change (no improvement) ‐ long… compared with STANDARD CARE ALONE (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

CBT plus standard care vs usual care

Mental state: General ‐ clinically important change (no improvement) · patients with schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether COMPARISON 1: CBT+ STANDARD CARE changes mental state: General ‐ clinically important change (no improvement)… compared with STANDARD CARE ALONE (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

CBT plus standard care vs usual care

Satisfaction with treatment: 1. Leaving the study early ‐ long term · patients with schizophrenia

COMPARISON 1: CBT+ STANDARD CARE showed no clear difference in satisfaction with treatment: 1. Leaving the study early ‐ long term compared with STANDARD CARE ALONE (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

CLOZAPINE + RISPERIDONE vs CLOZAPINE + ZIPRASIDONE (Kuwilsky 2010)

Acceptability of treatment ‐ leaving the study early · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether CLOZAPINE + RISPERIDONE changes leaving the study early: acceptability of treatment ‐ as measured by… compared with CLOZAPINE + ZIPRASIDONE (Kuwilsky 2010) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

CLOZAPINE + ARIPIPRAZOLE vs CLOZAPINE + HALOPERIDOL (Cipriani 2013)

Acceptability of treatment ‐ leaving the study early · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether CLOZAPINE + ARIPIPRAZOLE changes leaving the study early: acceptability of treatment ‐ as measured by… compared with CLOZAPINE + HALOPERIDOL (Cipriani 2013) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

INTENSIVE CASE MANAGEMENT vs usual care

Adverse event: 1b. Death ‐ suicide ‐ by long term · people with severe mental disorders

Intensive Case Management showed no clear difference in adverse event: 1b. Death ‐ suicide ‐ by long term compared with standard care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review