Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

32 questions · 32 findings · 10 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth

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No studies found 1 · 3.1%GRADE not reported 3 · 9.4%Very low 4 · 12.5%Low 12 · 37.5%Moderate 7 · 21.9%High 5 · 15.6%

Intervention not reported

Maternal satisfaction with analgesia, maternal pain score or pain measured in labour, additional analgesia, epidural

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Discontinued intravenous (IV) oxytocin stimulation vs continued IV oxytocin stimulation

Use of analgesia and epidural during labour · pregnant women in latent phase of labour stimulated with oxytocin for with induction of labour. No exclusion criteria were applied in…

Discontinued intravenous (IV) oxytocin stimulation may leads to higher use of analgesia and epidural during labour compared with continued IV oxytocin stimulation (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Discontinuation of intravenous oxytocin in the active phase of induced labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.04
3 studies · 556 participants
Low

Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Intermittent electronic fetal monitoring (CTG) vs routine Pinard (outcomes

Any pharmacological or non‐pharmacological analgesia use excluding epidural · women in established labour and their babies.

1 finding from 1 review

Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Doppler vs routine Pinard (outcomes

Any pharmacological or non‐pharmacological analgesia use excluding epidural · women in established labour and their babies.

1 finding from 1 review

Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Intensive Pinard vs routine Pinard (outcomes

Any pharmacological or non‐pharmacological analgesia use excluding epidural · women in established labour and their babies.

1 finding from 1 review

Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Remifentanil (PCA) vs epidural/CSE

Additional analgesia required (escape analgesia) · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery

Remifentanil (PCA) probably leads to higher additional analgesia required compared with epidural/CSE (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 9.27 [3.73, 23.03]
6 studies · 1037 participants
Moderate

Remifentanil (PCA) vs epidural/CSE

Satisfaction with pain relief · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery

1 finding from 1 review

Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 2135 participants
Very low

Remifentanil (PCA) vs epidural/CSE

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery

1 finding from 1 review

Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 235 participants
Low

Remifentanil (PCA) vs epidural/CSE

Caesarean section · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery

Remifentanil (PCA) showed no clear difference in rate of caesarean delivery compared with epidural/CSE (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1 [0.82, 1.22]
9 studies · 1578 participants
Moderate

Remifentanil (PCA) vs epidural/CSE

Maternal apnoea · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery

1 finding from 1 review

Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 38 participants
Very low

Remifentanil (PCA) vs epidural/CSE

Maternal respiratory depression (< 9, < 8 breaths/min) · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery

Remifentanil (PCA) showed no clear difference in maternal respiratory depression (< 9, < 8 breaths/min) compared with epidural/CSE (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.91 [0.51, 1.62]
3 studies · 687 participants
Low

Remifentanil (PCA) vs epidural/CSE

Low Apgar score · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery

Remifentanil (PCA) showed no clear difference in apgar score ≤ 7 (< 7) at 5 min compared with epidural/CSE (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.26 [0.62, 2.57]
5 studies · 1322 participants
Low