It is very uncertain whether pharmacological detoxification treatment changes completion of treatment: clonidine versus buprenorphine, inpatient… compared with other pharmacological detoxification treatment (very low certainty).
The intervention probably leads to higher number commencing naltrexone maintenance treatment ‐ Buprenorphine… (moderate certainty).
The intervention showed no clear difference in retained in naltrexone maintenance treatment or abstinent at 12… (moderate certainty).
It is very uncertain whether rapid changes completion of withdrawal treatment − Outpatient compared with slow taper of buprenorphine dose (very low certainty).
Rapid showed no clear difference in number abstinent at completion of dose taper − Inpatient compared with slow taper of buprenorphine dose (low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether rapid changes number abstinent at completion of dose taper − Outpatient compared with slow taper of buprenorphine dose (very low certainty).
Rapid showed no clear difference in completion of withdrawal treatment − Inpatient compared with slow taper of buprenorphine dose (low certainty).
Full opioid agonists showed no clear difference in illicit opioid use compared with different full opioid agonists or partial opioid agonists (methadone… (moderate certainty).
It is very uncertain whether full or partial opioid agonist maintenance changes adverse events compared with placebo, detoxification only or psychological treatment… (very low certainty).
Full opioid agonists may leads to higher retention compared with different full opioid agonists or partial opioid agonists (methadone… (low certainty).
Full opioid agonists showed no clear difference in adverse effects compared with different full opioid agonists or partial opioid agonists (methadone… (low certainty).
Full or partial opioid agonist maintenance showed no clear difference in days of unsanctioned opioid use (as number of days/30 or days/7) compared with placebo, detoxification only or psychological treatment… (low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether full or partial opioid agonist maintenance changes self‐reported opioid use at treatment completion compared with placebo, detoxification only or psychological treatment… (very low certainty).
Full or partial opioid agonist maintenance probably leads to higher retention: proportion of participants retained in treatment compared with placebo, detoxification only or psychological treatment… (moderate certainty).
Methadone showed no clear difference in dropout rate compared with buprenorphine (moderate certainty).
Methadone showed no clear difference in use of primary substance compared with buprenorphine (low certainty).
Methadone showed no clear difference in number treated for NAS compared with buprenorphine (low certainty).