What do systematic reviews say?

Ultrasound guidance vs no ultrasound

Ultrasound guidance showed no clear difference in major complications compared with no ultrasound guidance (moderate certainty).

• The use of ultrasound guidance for perioperative neuraxial and peripheral nerve blocks in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RD 0
  22 studies · 1576 participants
  Moderate

Epidural analgesia vs systemic analgesia

• Postoperative epidural analgesia versus systemic analgesia for thoraco‐lumbar spine surgery in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 116 participants
  Moderate

Epidural analgesia vs systemic analgesia

Epidural analgesia showed no clear difference in vomiting up to 48 hours after surgery compared with systemic analgesia (low certainty).

• Postoperative epidural analgesia versus systemic analgesia for thoraco‐lumbar spine surgery in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.87 [0.58, 1.3]
  6 studies · 215 participants
  Low

Epidural analgesia vs systemic analgesia

It is very uncertain whether epidural analgesia changes return of gastrointestinal function compared with systemic analgesia (very low certainty).

• Postoperative epidural analgesia versus systemic analgesia for thoraco‐lumbar spine surgery in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.63 [1.08, 2.47]
  1 study · 30 participants
  Very low

Epidural analgesia vs systemic analgesia

• Postoperative epidural analgesia versus systemic analgesia for thoraco‐lumbar spine surgery in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 60 participants
  Very low

Epidural analgesia vs systemic analgesia

• Postoperative epidural analgesia versus systemic analgesia for thoraco‐lumbar spine surgery in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 89 participants
  Very low

Epidural analgesia vs systemic analgesia

• Postoperative epidural analgesia versus systemic analgesia for thoraco‐lumbar spine surgery in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 60 participants
  Very low

Epidural analgesia vs systemic analgesia

It is very uncertain whether epidural analgesia changes complications compared with systemic analgesia (very low certainty).

• Postoperative epidural analgesia versus systemic analgesia for thoraco‐lumbar spine surgery in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 126 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in intraoperative pain (reported dichotomous) (low certainty).

• Use of hyaluronidase as an adjunct to local anaesthetic eye blocks to reduce intraoperative pain in adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.83 [0.48, 1.42]
  4 studies · 289 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Use of hyaluronidase as an adjunct to local anaesthetic eye blocks to reduce intraoperative pain in adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 211 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Use of hyaluronidase as an adjunct to local anaesthetic eye blocks to reduce intraoperative pain in adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

• Use of hyaluronidase as an adjunct to local anaesthetic eye blocks to reduce intraoperative pain in adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 122 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Use of hyaluronidase as an adjunct to local anaesthetic eye blocks to reduce intraoperative pain in adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 141 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Use of hyaluronidase as an adjunct to local anaesthetic eye blocks to reduce intraoperative pain in adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Low tidal volume vs high tidal volume

Low tidal volume showed no clear difference in mortality compared with high tidal volume (low certainty).

• Intraoperative use of low volume ventilation to decrease postoperative mortality, mechanical ventilation, lengths of… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.8 [0.42, 1.53]
  12 studies · 1207 participants
  Low

Low tidal volume vs high tidal volume

Low tidal volume probably leads to lower pneumonia compared with high tidal volume (moderate certainty).

• Intraoperative use of low volume ventilation to decrease postoperative mortality, mechanical ventilation, lengths of… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.45 [0.25, 0.82]
  7 studies · 778 participants
  Moderate

Low tidal volume vs high tidal volume

Low tidal volume probably leads to lower need for postoperative non‐invasive ventilatory support compared with high tidal volume (moderate certainty).

• Intraoperative use of low volume ventilation to decrease postoperative mortality, mechanical ventilation, lengths of… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.31 [0.15, 0.64]
  3 studies · 506 participants
  Moderate

Low tidal volume vs high tidal volume

Low tidal volume probably leads to lower need for postoperative invasive ventilatory support compared with high tidal volume (moderate certainty).

• Intraoperative use of low volume ventilation to decrease postoperative mortality, mechanical ventilation, lengths of… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.33 [0.14, 0.77]
  11 studies · 957 participants
  Moderate

Low tidal volume vs high tidal volume

• Intraoperative use of low volume ventilation to decrease postoperative mortality, mechanical ventilation, lengths of… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 898 participants
  Low

Low tidal volume vs high tidal volume

• Intraoperative use of low volume ventilation to decrease postoperative mortality, mechanical ventilation, lengths of… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  14 studies · 1298 participants
  Low