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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
970 questions in 77 reviews · Epilepsy
current versionsNo studies 190 · 19.6%Ungraded 42 · 4.3%Very low 135 · 13.9%Low 289 · 29.8%Moderate 242 · 24.9%High 72 · 7.4%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Summary of findings: needle acupuncture vs valproate Frequency of adverse effects ‐ nausea ( · participants with epilepsy (one included study only recruited children with absence epilepsy while another included… Acupuncture for epilepsy (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.14 [0.02, 1.12] | 1 study · 100 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: needle acupuncture vs valproate Frequency of adverse effects ‐ sleepiness ( · participants with epilepsy (one included study only recruited children with absence epilepsy while another included… Acupuncture for epilepsy (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.15, 2.38] | 1 study · 100 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: catgut implantation at acupoints plus antiepileptic drugs vs antiepileptic drugs alone Seizure freedom ( · participants with epilepsy Acupuncture for epilepsy (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.51 [0.93, 2.43] | 4 studies · 361 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: catgut implantation at acupoints plus antiepileptic drugs vs antiepileptic drugs alone 50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency ( · participants with epilepsy Acupuncture for epilepsy (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.42 [1.07, 1.89] | 5 studies · 401 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: catgut implantation at acupoints plus antiepileptic drugs vs antiepileptic drugs alone Post‐treatment quality of life (QOLIE‐31 score, which has a range of 0‐100, with higher score indicates worse quality of life) ( · participants with epilepsy Acupuncture for epilepsy (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 120 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: catgut implantation at acupoints plus antiepileptic drugs vs antiepileptic drugs alone Frequency of adverse effects ‐ dizziness ( · participants with epilepsy Acupuncture for epilepsy (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.13, 0.86] | 1 study · 120 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: catgut implantation at acupoints plus antiepileptic drugs vs antiepileptic drugs alone Frequency of adverse effects ‐ malaise ( · participants with epilepsy Acupuncture for epilepsy (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.5 [0.22, 1.15] | 1 study · 120 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: catgut implantation at acupoints plus antiepileptic drugs vs antiepileptic drugs alone Frequency of adverse effects ‐ nausea ( · participants with epilepsy Acupuncture for epilepsy (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.09, 1.17] | 1 study · 120 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: catgut implantation at acupoints plus antiepileptic drugs vs antiepileptic drugs alone Frequency of adverse effects ‐ anorexia ( · participants with epilepsy Acupuncture for epilepsy (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.25 [0.06, 1.13] | 1 study · 120 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: needle acupuncture plus valproate vs valproate alone Seizure freedom ( · participants with generalised epilepsy Acupuncture for epilepsy (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.72, 1.3] | 2 studies · 150 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: catgut implantation at acupoints vs valproate Seizure freedom ( · participants with generalised epilepsy Acupuncture for epilepsy (2014) · Cochrane | RR 2.82 [1.61, 4.94] | 4 studies · 381 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: catgut implantation at acupoints vs valproate 50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency ( · participants with generalised epilepsy Acupuncture for epilepsy (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.31 [0.94, 1.84] | 4 studies · 381 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: catgut implantation at acupoints vs valproate Post‐treatment quality of life (QOLIE‐31 score, which has a range of 0‐200, with higher score indicates better quality of life) ( · participants with generalised epilepsy Acupuncture for epilepsy (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 100 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: catgut implantation at acupoints vs valproate Frequency of adverse effects ‐ dizziness ( · participants with generalised epilepsy Acupuncture for epilepsy (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.63 [0.22, 1.78] | 1 study · 100 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: catgut implantation at acupoints vs valproate Frequency of adverse effects ‐ malaise ( · participants with generalised epilepsy Acupuncture for epilepsy (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.47, 1.82] | 1 study · 100 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: catgut implantation at acupoints vs valproate Frequency of adverse effects ‐ nausea ( · participants with generalised epilepsy Acupuncture for epilepsy (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.14 [0.02, 1.12] | 1 study · 100 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: catgut implantation at acupoints vs valproate Frequency of adverse effects ‐ anorexia ( · participants with generalised epilepsy Acupuncture for epilepsy (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.22 [0.05, 0.98] | 1 study · 100 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: needle acupuncture plus valproate vs valproate alone 50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency ( · participants with generalised epilepsy Acupuncture for epilepsy (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.34 [0.52, 3.48] | 2 studies · 150 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: needle acupuncture plus valproate vs valproate alone Post‐treatment quality of life (QOLIE‐31 score, which has a range of 0‐200, with higher score indicates better quality of life) ( · participants with generalised epilepsy Acupuncture for epilepsy (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 90 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: needle acupuncture plus valproate vs valproate alone Frequency of adverse effects ‐ dizziness ( · participants with generalised epilepsy Acupuncture for epilepsy (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.67 [0.12, 3.8] | 1 study · 90 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: needle acupuncture plus valproate vs valproate alone Frequency of adverse effects ‐ malaise ( · participants with generalised epilepsy Acupuncture for epilepsy (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.27, 2.54] | 1 study · 90 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: needle acupuncture plus valproate vs valproate alone Frequency of adverse effects ‐ nausea ( · participants with generalised epilepsy Acupuncture for epilepsy (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.15, 2.36] | 1 study · 90 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: needle acupuncture plus valproate vs valproate alone Frequency of adverse effects ‐ sleepiness ( · participants with generalised epilepsy Acupuncture for epilepsy (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.24, 2.08] | 1 study · 90 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Seizure frequency: > 50% seizure reduction · people with non‐epileptic attack disorder Psychological and behavioural treatments for adults with non‐epileptic attack disorder (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 66 participants | High |
Intervention NR Seizure frequency: > 50% reduction in seizures · people with non‐epileptic attack disorder Psychological and behavioural treatments for adults with non‐epileptic attack disorder (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 120 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Seizure frequency: > 50% reduction in seizures · people with conversion disorder Psychological and behavioural treatments for adults with non‐epileptic attack disorder (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 128 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Seizure frequency > 50% seizure reduction · people with conversion/dissociative/hysterical seizures Psychological and behavioural treatments for adults with non‐epileptic attack disorder (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 29 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Proportion of patients who are seizure free between 4‐40 weeks · Patients with a clinical and EEG diagnosis of BECTS Comparison of antiepileptic drugs, no treatment, or placebo for children with benign epilepsy with centro… (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 | 1 study · 432 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Proportion of patients with an adverse event · Patients between three and 12 years old with clinical and EEG diagnosis of BECTS Comparison of antiepileptic drugs, no treatment, or placebo for children with benign epilepsy with centro… (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.15, 4.15] | 1 study · 39 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Changes in cognitive function · Patients between three and 12 years old with clinical and EEG diagnosis of BECTS Comparison of antiepileptic drugs, no treatment, or placebo for children with benign epilepsy with centro… (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 39 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Proportion of patients who are seizure free at 28 weeks · Patients between five and 15 years old with a diagnosis of BECTS Comparison of antiepileptic drugs, no treatment, or placebo for children with benign epilepsy with centro… (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.77, 1.25] | 1 study · 112 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Proportion of patients who discontinued treatment due to adverse events (28 weeks trial period) · Patients between five and 15 years old with a diagnosis of BECTS Comparison of antiepileptic drugs, no treatment, or placebo for children with benign epilepsy with centro… (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.36, 3.45] | 1 study · 112 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Proportion of patients with an adverse event: · Patients between five and 15 years old with a diagnosis of BECTS Comparison of antiepileptic drugs, no treatment, or placebo for children with benign epilepsy with centro… (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 112 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Proportion of patients with a particular or serious adverse event: 1. Somnolence 2. Rash · Patients between five and 15 years old with a diagnosis of BECTS Comparison of antiepileptic drugs, no treatment, or placebo for children with benign epilepsy with centro… (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 112 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Changes in cognitive function testing from baseline (28 weeks trial period) · Patients between five and 15 years old with a diagnosis of BECTS Comparison of antiepileptic drugs, no treatment, or placebo for children with benign epilepsy with centro… (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 88 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Proportion of patients who are seizure free at 3 months · Patients between three and 10 years old with a diagnosis of BECTS Comparison of antiepileptic drugs, no treatment, or placebo for children with benign epilepsy with centro… (2014) · Cochrane | RR 2.26 [1.48, 3.44] | 1 study · 66 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Proportion of patients who are seizure free at 6 months · Patients between three and 10 years old with a diagnosis of BECTS Comparison of antiepileptic drugs, no treatment, or placebo for children with benign epilepsy with centro… (2014) · Cochrane | RR 2.63 [1.43, 4.86] | 1 study · 66 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Time to first seizure after randomisation · Patients between three and 10 years old with a diagnosis of BECTS Comparison of antiepileptic drugs, no treatment, or placebo for children with benign epilepsy with centro… (2014) · Cochrane | Hazard ratio 7.8 [2.66, 22.87] | 1 study · 66 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Proportion of patients who had seizure remission in the last 9 months of the study · Patients with a clinical and EEG diagnosis of BECTS Comparison of antiepileptic drugs, no treatment, or placebo for children with benign epilepsy with centro… (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 | 1 study · 43 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Proportion of patients who discontinued treatment due to adverse events (over 6 months trial period) · Patients between three and 10 years old with a diagnosis of BECTS Comparison of antiepileptic drugs, no treatment, or placebo for children with benign epilepsy with centro… (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 66 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Proportion of patients with an adverse event · Patients between three and 10 years old with a diagnosis of BECTS Comparison of antiepileptic drugs, no treatment, or placebo for children with benign epilepsy with centro… (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.35 [0.83, 2.2] | 1 study · 66 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Changes in cognitive function · Patients between three and 10 years old with a diagnosis of BECTS Comparison of antiepileptic drugs, no treatment, or placebo for children with benign epilepsy with centro… (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 66 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Proportion of patients who discontinued treatment due to adverse events (96 weeks trial period) · Patients with a clinical and EEG diagnosis of BECTS Comparison of antiepileptic drugs, no treatment, or placebo for children with benign epilepsy with centro… (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.72 [0.05, 10.76] | 1 study · 43 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Proportion of patients who reported adverse events · Patients with a clinical and EEG diagnosis of BECTS Comparison of antiepileptic drugs, no treatment, or placebo for children with benign epilepsy with centro… (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.92 | 1 study · 43 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Proportion of patients with a particular or serious adverse event: 1. Vertigo 2. Headache 3. Somnolence 4. Nausea/Vomiting 5. Tremor 6. Fatigue · Patients with a clinical and EEG diagnosis of BECTS Comparison of antiepileptic drugs, no treatment, or placebo for children with benign epilepsy with centro… (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 43 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Changes in cognitive function testing from baseline (96 weeks trial period) · Patients with a clinical and EEG diagnosis of BECTS Comparison of antiepileptic drugs, no treatment, or placebo for children with benign epilepsy with centro… (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 39 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Proportion of patients who are seizure free at 3 months · Patients between three and 12 years old with clinical and EEG diagnosis of BECTS Comparison of antiepileptic drugs, no treatment, or placebo for children with benign epilepsy with centro… (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [0.93, 1.36] | 1 study · 39 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Proportion of patients who are seizure free at 12 months · Patients between three and 12 years old with clinical and EEG diagnosis of BECTS Comparison of antiepileptic drugs, no treatment, or placebo for children with benign epilepsy with centro… (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.29 [0.89, 1.86] | 1 study · 39 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Proportion of patients who discontinued treatment due to adverse events ( · Patients between three and 12 years old with clinical and EEG diagnosis of BECTS Comparison of antiepileptic drugs, no treatment, or placebo for children with benign epilepsy with centro… (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.06, 12.75] | 1 study · 39 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Time to treatment withdrawal ‐ all participants Range of · adults and children with newly diagnosed partial onset or generalised onset seizures Phenobarbitone versus phenytoin monotherapy for partial onset seizures and generalised onset tonic-clonic… (2013) · Cochrane | HR 1.62 [1.23, 2.14] | 3 studies · 499 participants | Low |