Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

529 questions · 535 findings · 63 reviews · Airways

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No studies found 41 · 7.7%GRADE not reported 28 · 5.2%Very low 35 · 6.5%Low 151 · 28.2%Moderate 204 · 38.1%High 76 · 14.2%

Intervention not reported

Asthma‐related mortality · adults and children with chronic asthma

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled steroids with and without regular salmeterol for asthma: serious adverse events 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
41 studies · 27951 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Asthma‐related non‐fatal SAEc · adults and children with chronic asthma

The intervention showed no clear difference in asthma‐related non‐fatal SAEc (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled steroids with and without regular salmeterol for asthma: serious adverse events 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.15 [0.83, 1.59]
41 studies · 27951 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Children · adults and children with chronic asthma

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled steroids with and without regular salmeterol for asthma: serious adverse events 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

All‐cause mortality · adults and children with chronic asthma

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled steroids with and without regular salmeterol for asthma: serious adverse events 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
8 studies · 8453 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

All‐cause non‐fatal SAEc · adults and children with chronic asthma

The intervention showed no clear difference in all‐cause non‐fatal SAEc (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled steroids with and without regular salmeterol for asthma: serious adverse events 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.04 [0.73, 1.48]
8 studies · 8453 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Asthma‐related mortality · adults and children with chronic asthma

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled steroids with and without regular salmeterol for asthma: serious adverse events 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
8 studies · 8453 participants
Moderate

Once‐daily ICS/LABA combined inhalers vs once‐daily LAMA

Mortality (all‐cause) · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

It is very uncertain whether once‐daily ICS/LABA combined inhalers changes mortality (all‐cause) compared with once‐daily LAMA (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Once‐daily long‐acting beta₂‐agonists/inhaled corticosteroids combined inhalers versus inhaled long‐acting muscarinic… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.2 [0.02, 1.73]
2 studies · 880 participants
Very low

Once‐daily ICS/LABA combined inhalers vs once‐daily LAMA

Pneumonia · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

It is very uncertain whether once‐daily ICS/LABA combined inhalers changes pneumonia compared with once‐daily LAMA (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Once‐daily long‐acting beta₂‐agonists/inhaled corticosteroids combined inhalers versus inhaled long‐acting muscarinic… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 6.12 [0.73, 51.24]
2 studies · 880 participants
Very low

Once‐daily ICS/LABA combined inhalers vs once‐daily LAMA

Quality of life · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

1 finding from 1 review

Once‐daily long‐acting beta₂‐agonists/inhaled corticosteroids combined inhalers versus inhaled long‐acting muscarinic… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 779 participants
Very low

Once‐daily ICS/LABA combined inhalers vs once‐daily LAMA

Hospital admissions · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

It is very uncertain whether once‐daily ICS/LABA combined inhalers changes hospital admissions (all‐cause) compared with once‐daily LAMA (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Once‐daily long‐acting beta₂‐agonists/inhaled corticosteroids combined inhalers versus inhaled long‐acting muscarinic… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.96 [0.49, 1.89]
2 studies · 880 participants
Very low

Once‐daily ICS/LABA combined inhalers vs once‐daily LAMA

Exacerbations leading to intubation · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Once‐daily long‐acting beta₂‐agonists/inhaled corticosteroids combined inhalers versus inhaled long‐acting muscarinic… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Once‐daily ICS/LABA combined inhalers vs once‐daily LAMA

Physical activity measure (e.g. 6MWT) · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Once‐daily long‐acting beta₂‐agonists/inhaled corticosteroids combined inhalers versus inhaled long‐acting muscarinic… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

Change from baseline in mean asthma symptom score Greater the reduction, better the outcome Duration of trials: 12 to 13 weeks · adults and adolescents with persistent asthma

1 finding from 1 review

Addition of anti‐leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids for adults and adolescents with persistent asthma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 1539 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Overall adverse effects Duration of trials: 8 to 16 weeks · adults and adolescents with persistent asthma

The intervention showed no clear difference in overall adverse effects Duration of trials: 8 to 16 weeks (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Addition of anti‐leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids for adults and adolescents with persistent asthma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.96 [0.89, 1.03]
6 studies · 1899 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Death Duration of trials: 12 to 13 weeks · adults and adolescents with persistent asthma

1 finding from 1 review

Addition of anti‐leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids for adults and adolescents with persistent asthma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 834 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

% change from baseline ICS dose Duration of trials: 12 to 24 weeks More reduction is better · adults and adolescents with persistent asthma

1 finding from 1 review

Addition of anti‐leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids for adults and adolescents with persistent asthma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 930 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Change from baseline in morning PEFR (L/min) Duration of trials: 12 to 24 weeks · adults and adolescents with persistent asthma

1 finding from 1 review

Addition of anti‐leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids for adults and adolescents with persistent asthma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 218 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Overall adverse effects Duration of trials: 8 to 24 weeks · adults and adolescents with persistent asthma

The intervention showed no clear difference in overall adverse effects Duration of trials: 8 to 24 weeks (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Addition of anti‐leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids for adults and adolescents with persistent asthma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.95 [0.83, 1.08]
6 studies · 1100 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Serious adverse events Duration of trials: 12 to 20 weeks · adults and adolescents with persistent asthma

The intervention probably leads to higher serious adverse events Duration of trials: 12 to 20 weeks (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Addition of anti‐leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids for adults and adolescents with persistent asthma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.44 [1.52, 3.92]
2 studies · 621 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Death Duration of trials: 8 to 24 weeks · adults and adolescents with persistent asthma

The intervention showed no clear difference in death Duration of trials: 8 to 24 weeks (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Addition of anti‐leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids for adults and adolescents with persistent asthma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 3.1 [0.13, 75.1]
6 studies · 1100 participants
Low