Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

4,730 questions · 18,059 findings · 1,282 reviews

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No studies found 4,360 · 24.1%GRADE not reported 2,529 · 14%Very low 4,641 · 25.7%Low 4,007 · 22.2%Moderate 2,057 · 11.4%High 465 · 2.6%

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Theory-based oral health education/promotion interventions (HBM, TPB, SCT, HAPA, TTM, PMT, SOC, PRECEDE-PROCEED, MI) vs Control (waitlist, routine/standard oral health education, or minimal intervention)

Oral health behaviour (1-9 scale) · school‐age children and adolescents

Theory-based interventions significantly improved oral health behavior (SMD 2.58; low certainty), with very high heterogeneity.

1 finding from 1 review

Health promotion theory-based educational interventions for improving oral health in children and adolescents: a… 2025 All outcomes
Post-intervention (follow-up 0.5 to 24 months, varies by study) · School-based and community settings; multiple countries (predominantly Iran; also Pakistan, Hong Kong, Lithuania, Thailand) · Overall
SMD 2.58 [2.03, 3.12]
6 studies · 13973 participants
Low

Theory-based oral health education/promotion interventions (HBM, TPB, SCT, HAPA, TTM, PMT, SOC, PRECEDE-PROCEED, MI) vs Control (waitlist, routine/standard oral health education, or minimal intervention)

Oral health knowledge (1-9 scale) · school‐age children and adolescents

Theory-based interventions significantly improved oral health knowledge (SMD 1.09; low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Health promotion theory-based educational interventions for improving oral health in children and adolescents: a… 2025 All outcomes
Post-intervention (follow-up immediately after to 24 months, varies by study) · School-based and community settings; multiple countries (predominantly Iran; also Pakistan, Hong Kong, Lithuania, Thailand) · Overall
SMD 1.09 [0.80, 1.39]
7 studies · 10904 participants
Low

Theory-based oral health education/promotion interventions (HBM, TPB, SCT, HAPA, TTM, PMT, SOC, PRECEDE-PROCEED, MI) vs Control (waitlist, routine/standard oral health education, or minimal intervention)

Plaque index (PI) / oral hygiene · school‐age children and adolescents

Theory-based interventions significantly reduced dental plaque (SMD -1.92; moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Health promotion theory-based educational interventions for improving oral health in children and adolescents: a… 2025 All outcomes
Post-intervention (follow-up 1 to 24 months, varies by study) · School-based and community settings; multiple countries (predominantly Iran; also Pakistan, Hong Kong, Lithuania, Thailand) · Overall
SMD -1.92 [-2.42, -1.42]
9 studies · 12562 participants
Moderate

Psychological interventions vs usual care

Change in depression score ( · adolescents and adults with congenital heart disease

2 findings from 1 review

Psychological interventions for depression in adolescent and adult congenital heart disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 156 participants
Low
Psychological interventions for depression in adolescent and adult congenital heart disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 287 participants
Low

Pharmacologic intervention vs placebo

Harmful alcohol use · alcohol use disorder

1 finding from 1 review

Psychosocial and pharmacologic interventions to reduce harmful alcohol use in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Pharmacologic intervention vs placebo

Retention [ · alcohol use disorder

Pharmacologic intervention showed no clear difference in retention compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Psychosocial and pharmacologic interventions to reduce harmful alcohol use in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.13 [0.89, 1.44]
3 studies · 247 participants
Low

Mobile phone interventions vs usual care

Objective measure of medication adherence: Cholesterol (low‐density lipoprotein) · people prescribed medication for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease

1 finding from 1 review

Mobile phone‐based interventions for improving adherence to medication prescribed for the primary prevention of… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 5441 participants
Low

Mobile phone interventions vs usual care

Objective measure of medication adherence: Blood pressure · people prescribed medication for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease

1 finding from 1 review

Mobile phone‐based interventions for improving adherence to medication prescribed for the primary prevention of… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
13 studies · 25166 participants
Low

Mobile phone interventions vs usual care

Combined cardiovascular events · people prescribed medication for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease

1 finding from 1 review

Mobile phone‐based interventions for improving adherence to medication prescribed for the primary prevention of… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 12439 participants
Very low

Mobile phone interventions vs usual care

Adverse events · people prescribed medication for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease

1 finding from 1 review

Mobile phone‐based interventions for improving adherence to medication prescribed for the primary prevention of… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 8285 participants
Moderate

Mobile phone interventions vs usual care

Cognitive outcome: satisfaction with treatment · people prescribed medication for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease

1 finding from 1 review

Mobile phone‐based interventions for improving adherence to medication prescribed for the primary prevention of… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 2535 participants
Low

Psychosocial interventions vs control

Frequency of alcohol misuse 6 months · Mothers who use substances

1 finding from 1 review

Effectiveness of psychosocial interventions for reducing parental substance misuse 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 328 participants
Low

Psychosocial interventions vs control

Frequency of alcohol misuse 12 months · Mothers who use substances

1 finding from 1 review

Effectiveness of psychosocial interventions for reducing parental substance misuse 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 325 participants
Very low

Psychosocial interventions vs control

Frequency of drug use 12 months · Mothers who use substances

2 findings from 1 review

Effectiveness of psychosocial interventions for reducing parental substance misuse 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 484 participants
Low
Effectiveness of psychosocial interventions for reducing parental substance misuse 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 373 participants
Very low

Psychosocial interventions vs control

Frequency of alcohol misuse 6 months · Fathers who use substances

1 finding from 1 review

Effectiveness of psychosocial interventions for reducing parental substance misuse 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 147 participants
Low

Psychosocial interventions vs control

Frequency of alcohol misuse 12 months · Fathers who use substances

1 finding from 1 review

Effectiveness of psychosocial interventions for reducing parental substance misuse 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 147 participants
Low

Psychosocial interventions vs control

Frequency of drug use 12 months · Fathers who use substances

2 findings from 1 review

Effectiveness of psychosocial interventions for reducing parental substance misuse 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 141 participants
Low
Effectiveness of psychosocial interventions for reducing parental substance misuse 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 141 participants
Low

Psychological interventions vs usual care

Proportion of wounds healed · adults with diabetes with current or previous foot ulceration

It is very uncertain whether psychological intervention changes proportion of wounds completely healed at 3 months compared with standard care (very low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Psychological interventions for treating foot ulcers, and preventing their recurrence, in people with diabetes 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 6.25
2 studies · 76 participants
Very low
Psychological interventions for treating foot ulcers, and preventing their recurrence, in people with diabetes 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.59
2 studies · 76 participants
Very low

Psychological interventions vs usual care

Time to complete healing · adults with diabetes with current or previous foot ulceration

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Psychological interventions for treating foot ulcers, and preventing their recurrence, in people with diabetes 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Psychological interventions vs usual care

Time to recurrence · adults with diabetes with current or previous foot ulceration

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Psychological interventions for treating foot ulcers, and preventing their recurrence, in people with diabetes 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found