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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,000 questions in 69 reviews · Urology
current versionsNo studies 196 · 19.6%Ungraded 33 · 3.3%Very low 198 · 19.8%Low 354 · 35.4%Moderate 206 · 20.6%High 13 · 1.3%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Bisphosphonates vs placebo/no treatment Adverse events: nausea · men with advanced prostate cancer Bisphosphonates for advanced prostate cancer (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.19 [1, 1.41] | 9 studies · 3008 participants | Moderate |
Bisphosphonates vs placebo/no treatment Adverse events: renal · men with advanced prostate cancer Bisphosphonates for advanced prostate cancer (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.65 [1.11, 2.46] | 7 studies · 1794 participants | Moderate |
Bisphosphonates vs placebo/no treatment Adverse events: osteonecrosis of the jaw · men with advanced prostate cancer Bisphosphonates for advanced prostate cancer (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.92 [0.75, 4.9] | 5 studies · 1626 participants | Very low |
Bisphosphonates vs placebo/no treatment Proportion of participants with disease progression · men with advanced prostate cancer Bisphosphonates for advanced prostate cancer (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.9, 0.99] | 7 studies · 2115 participants | Moderate |
Laparaoscopic radical prostatectomy and robotic‐assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy vs open radical prostatectomy Prostate cancer‐specific survival ‐ not reported Laparoscopic and robotic‐assisted versus open radical prostatectomy for the treatment of localised prostate… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Laparaoscopic radical prostatectomy and robotic‐assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy vs open radical prostatectomy Urinary quality of life (short‐term) Laparoscopic and robotic‐assisted versus open radical prostatectomy for the treatment of localised prostate… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 248 participants | Moderate |
Laparaoscopic radical prostatectomy and robotic‐assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy vs open radical prostatectomy Sexual quality of life (short‐term) Laparoscopic and robotic‐assisted versus open radical prostatectomy for the treatment of localised prostate… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 248 participants | Moderate |
Laparaoscopic radical prostatectomy and robotic‐assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy vs open radical prostatectomy Biochemical recurrence‐free survival ‐ not reported Laparoscopic and robotic‐assisted versus open radical prostatectomy for the treatment of localised prostate… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Laparaoscopic radical prostatectomy and robotic‐assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy vs open radical prostatectomy Overall survival ‐ not reported Laparoscopic and robotic‐assisted versus open radical prostatectomy for the treatment of localised prostate… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Laparaoscopic radical prostatectomy and robotic‐assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy vs open radical prostatectomy Overall surgical complications (short‐term) Laparoscopic and robotic‐assisted versus open radical prostatectomy for the treatment of localised prostate… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.41 [0.16, 1.04] | 1 study · 308 participants | Low |
Potassium citrate vs no intervention Proportion of participants who developed a new urinary stone · children with idiopathic urinary calculi treated with shockwave lithotripsy Medical and dietary interventions for preventing recurrent urinary stones in children (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.19 [0.06, 0.6] | 1 study · 96 participants | Low |
Potassium citrate vs no intervention Proportion of participants with adverse events while undergoing intervention · children with idiopathic urinary calculi treated with shockwave lithotripsy Medical and dietary interventions for preventing recurrent urinary stones in children (2017) · Cochrane | RR 13 [0.75, 224.53] | 1 study · 96 participants | Very low |
Potassium citrate vs no intervention Proportion of participants undergoing retreatment for urinary stones · children with idiopathic urinary calculi treated with shockwave lithotripsy Medical and dietary interventions for preventing recurrent urinary stones in children (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Interferon‐α alone vs standard targeted therapies (sunitinib or temsirolimus) 1‐year mortality · previously untreated patients with mRCC Immunotherapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.3 [1.13, 1.51] | 2 studies · 1166 participants | Moderate |
Interferon‐α combined with targeted therapies vs standard targeted therapy Adverse events (grade ≥ 3) · previously untreated patients with mRCC Immunotherapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.3 [1.17, 1.45] | 1 study · 416 participants | Low |
Interferon‐α alone vs interferon‐α plus bevacizumab 1‐year mortality · previously untreated patient with mRCC Immunotherapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.17 [1, 1.36] | 2 studies · 1381 participants | Low |
Interferon‐α alone vs interferon‐α plus bevacizumab Quality of life · previously untreated patient with mRCC Immunotherapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Interferon‐α alone vs interferon‐α plus bevacizumab Adverse events (grade ≥ 3) · previously untreated patient with mRCC Immunotherapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.77 [0.71, 0.84] | 2 studies · 1350 participants | Moderate |
Interferon‐α plus bevacizumab vs standard targeted therapies 1‐year mortality median · previously untreated patients with mRCC Immunotherapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.37 [0.13, 1.08] | 1 study · 83 participants | Low |
Interferon‐α plus bevacizumab vs standard targeted therapies Quality of life · previously untreated patients with mRCC Immunotherapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Interferon‐α plus bevacizumab vs standard targeted therapies Adverse events (grade ≥ 3) · previously untreated patients with mRCC Immunotherapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.18 [0.85, 1.62] | 1 study · 82 participants | Low |
Vaccine treatment vs standard therapies 1‐year mortality · previously untreated patients with mRCC Immunotherapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.1 [0.91, 1.32] | 2 studies · 1034 participants | Low |
Vaccine treatment vs standard therapies Quality of life · previously untreated patients with mRCC Immunotherapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Vaccine treatment vs standard therapies Adverse events (grade ≥ 3) · previously untreated patients with mRCC Immunotherapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.16 [0.97, 1.39] | 2 studies · 1065 participants | Low |
Interferon‐α alone vs standard targeted therapies (sunitinib or temsirolimus) QoL FACT‐G · previously untreated patients with mRCC Immunotherapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 730 participants | Low |
Targeted immunotherapy alone vs standard targeted therapies 1‐year mortality · previously treated patients with mRCC Immunotherapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.7 [0.56, 0.87] | 1 study · 821 participants | Moderate |
Targeted immunotherapy alone vs standard targeted therapies Quality of life: Clinically relevant improvement in FKSI‐DRS · previously treated patients with mRCC Immunotherapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.51 [1.28, 1.78] | 1 study · 704 participants | Moderate |
Targeted immunotherapy alone vs standard targeted therapies Quality of life: clinically relevant improvement in EQ‐5D VAS · previously treated patients with mRCC Immunotherapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.37 | 1 study · 703 participants | Moderate |
Targeted immunotherapy alone vs standard targeted therapies Adverse events (grade ≥ 3) · previously treated patients with mRCC Immunotherapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.51 [0.4, 0.65] | 1 study · 803 participants | Moderate |
Interferon‐α alone vs standard targeted therapies (sunitinib or temsirolimus) QoL FKSI‐15 · previously untreated patients with mRCC Immunotherapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 730 participants | Low |
Interferon‐α alone vs standard targeted therapies (sunitinib or temsirolimus) QoL FKSI‐DRS · previously untreated patients with mRCC Immunotherapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 730 participants | Low |
Interferon‐α alone vs standard targeted therapies (sunitinib or temsirolimus) QoL EQ‐5D · previously untreated patients with mRCC Immunotherapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 1002 participants | Low |
Interferon‐α alone vs standard targeted therapies (sunitinib or temsirolimus) QoL EQ‐VAS · previously untreated patients with mRCC Immunotherapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 1002 participants | Low |
Interferon‐α alone vs standard targeted therapies (sunitinib or temsirolimus) Adverse events (grade ≥ 3) · previously untreated patients with mRCC Immunotherapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.17 [1.03, 1.32] | 1 study · 408 participants | Low |
Interferon‐α combined with targeted therapies vs standard targeted therapy 1‐year mortality · previously untreated patients with mRCC Immunotherapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [0.95, 1.34] | 1 study · 419 participants | Moderate |
Interferon‐α combined with targeted therapies vs standard targeted therapy Quality of life · previously untreated patients with mRCC Immunotherapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Postoperative MMC‐EMDA induction vs postoperative BCG induction therapy Time to recurrence Intravesical electromotive drug administration for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.64, 1.76] | 1 study · 72 participants | Very low |
Postoperative MMC‐EMDA induction vs MMC‐PD induction therapy Disease‐specific quality of life ‐ not reported Intravesical electromotive drug administration for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Postoperative MMC‐EMDA with sequential BCG induction and maintenance vs postoperative BCG induction and maintenance therapy Time to recurrence Intravesical electromotive drug administration for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (2017) · Cochrane | HR 0.51 [0.34, 0.77] | 1 study · 212 participants | Low |
Postoperative MMC‐EMDA with sequential BCG induction and maintenance vs postoperative BCG induction and maintenance therapy Time to progression Intravesical electromotive drug administration for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (2017) · Cochrane | HR 0.36 [0.17, 0.75] | 1 study · 212 participants | Low |
Postoperative MMC‐EMDA with sequential BCG induction and maintenance vs postoperative BCG induction and maintenance therapy Serious adverse events Intravesical electromotive drug administration for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.21, 4.94] | 1 study · 212 participants | Very low |
Postoperative MMC‐EMDA with sequential BCG induction and maintenance vs postoperative BCG induction and maintenance therapy Disease‐specific survival Intravesical electromotive drug administration for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (2017) · Cochrane | HR 0.31 [0.12, 0.8] | 1 study · 212 participants | Low |
Postoperative MMC‐EMDA with sequential BCG induction and maintenance vs postoperative BCG induction and maintenance therapy Disease‐specific quality of life ‐ not reported Intravesical electromotive drug administration for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Single‐dose, preoperative MMC‐EMDA vs single‐dose, postoperative MMC‐PD Time to recurrence Intravesical electromotive drug administration for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (2017) · Cochrane | HR 0.47 [0.32, 0.69] | 1 study · 236 participants | Moderate |
Single‐dose, preoperative MMC‐EMDA vs single‐dose, postoperative MMC‐PD Time to progression Intravesical electromotive drug administration for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (2017) · Cochrane | HR 0.81 [0, 259.93] | 1 study · 236 participants | Very low |
Single‐dose, preoperative MMC‐EMDA vs single‐dose, postoperative MMC‐PD Serious adverse events Intravesical electromotive drug administration for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.79 [0.3, 2.05] | 1 study · 236 participants | Very low |
Single‐dose, preoperative MMC‐EMDA vs single‐dose, postoperative MMC‐PD Disease‐specific survival Intravesical electromotive drug administration for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (2017) · Cochrane | HR 0.99 [0.74, 1.32] | 1 study · 236 participants | Low |
Postoperative MMC‐EMDA induction vs postoperative BCG induction therapy Time to progression Intravesical electromotive drug administration for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 72 participants | Low |
Single‐dose, preoperative MMC‐EMDA vs single‐dose, postoperative MMC‐PD Disease‐specific quality of life ‐ not reported Intravesical electromotive drug administration for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Single‐dose, preoperative MMC‐EMDA vs TURBT alone Time to recurrence Intravesical electromotive drug administration for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (2017) · Cochrane | HR 0.4 [0.28, 0.57] | 1 study · 233 participants | Moderate |