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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,000 questions in 69 reviews · Urology
current versionsNo studies 196 · 19.6%Ungraded 33 · 3.3%Very low 198 · 19.8%Low 354 · 35.4%Moderate 206 · 20.6%High 13 · 1.3%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Topical corticosteroids vs placebo or no treatment Complete resolution of phimosis · boys up to 18 years old with phimosis Topical corticosteroids for treating phimosis in boys (2024) · Cochrane | RR 2.73 [1.79, 4.16] | 10 studies · 834 participants | Low |
Topical corticosteroids vs placebo or no treatment Partial resolution of phimosis · boys up to 18 years old with phimosis Topical corticosteroids for treating phimosis in boys (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.68 [1.17, 2.4] | 7 studies · 745 participants | Low |
Topical corticosteroids vs placebo or no treatment Change in retractability score · boys up to 18 years old with phimosis Topical corticosteroids for treating phimosis in boys (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 177 participants | Very low |
Topical corticosteroids vs placebo or no treatment Long‐term complete resolution of phimosis · boys up to 18 years old with phimosis Topical corticosteroids for treating phimosis in boys (2024) · Cochrane | RR 4.09 [2.8, 5.97] | 2 studies · 280 participants | Low |
Topical corticosteroids vs placebo or no treatment Adverse effects (any) · boys up to 18 years old with phimosis Topical corticosteroids for treating phimosis in boys (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.28 [0.03, 2.62] | 11 studies · 1091 participants | Low |
Serenoa repens vs placebo or no intervention Urologic symptom scoreMeasured by IPSS scores (range 0 to 35)Higher scores indicate worse symptoms. · lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia Serenoa repens for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic enlargement (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 1681 participants | High |
Serenoa repens vs placebo or no intervention Quality of lifeMeasured by IPSS‐QoL score (range 0 to 6) · lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia Serenoa repens for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic enlargement (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 1001 participants | High |
Serenoa repens vs placebo or no intervention Adverse eventsCumulative incidence · lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia Serenoa repens for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic enlargement (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.77, 1.31] | 12 studies · 2399 participants | Moderate |
Serenoa repens in combination with other phytotherapy vs placebo or no intervention Urologic symptom scoreMeasured by IPSS scores (range 0 to 35)Higher scores indicate worse symptoms. · lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia Serenoa repens for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic enlargement (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 460 participants | Low |
Serenoa repens in combination with other phytotherapy vs placebo or no intervention Quality of lifeMeasured by IPSS‐QoL score (range 0 to 6) · lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia Serenoa repens for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic enlargement (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 265 participants | Very low |
Serenoa repens in combination with other phytotherapy vs placebo or no intervention Adverse eventsCumulative incidence · lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia Serenoa repens for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic enlargement (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.58, 1.41] | 4 studies · 481 participants | Low |
ESWL vs PCNL Treatment success rate at 3 months MCID: 5% absolute difference · people (>14 years) with kidney stones Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) versus percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) or retrograde… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.67 [0.57, 0.79] | 12 studies · 1303 participants | Low |
ESWL vs RIRS Retreatment rate MCID: 3% absolute difference · people (>14 years) with kidney stones Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) versus percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) or retrograde… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 6.78 [3.82, 12.04] | 9 studies · 1030 participants | Moderate |
ESWL vs RIRS Auxiliary procedures rate MCID: 3% absolute difference · people (>14 years) with kidney stones Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) versus percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) or retrograde… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.98 [1.14, 3.47] | 5 studies · 836 participants | Low |
ESWL vs RIRS Duration of hospital stay MCID: 1 day of absolute difference · people (>14 years) with kidney stones Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) versus percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) or retrograde… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 591 participants | Moderate |
ESWL vs PCNL Quality of life MCID for SF‐36 overall health score: 10 (scale 0 to 100; higher scores indicate better health status) · people (>14 years) with kidney stones Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) versus percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) or retrograde… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 78 participants | Low |
ESWL vs PCNL Complications MCID: 3% absolute difference · people (>14 years) with kidney stones Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) versus percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) or retrograde… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.62 [0.47, 0.82] | 13 studies · 1385 participants | Moderate |
ESWL vs PCNL Retreatment rate MCID: 3% absolute difference · people (>14 years) with kidney stones Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) versus percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) or retrograde… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 15.53 [6.62, 36.39] | 10 studies · 1174 participants | Low |
ESWL vs PCNL Auxiliary procedures rate MCID: 3% absolute difference · people (>14 years) with kidney stones Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) versus percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) or retrograde… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 4.17 [2.67, 6.52] | 8 studies · 1044 participants | Moderate |
ESWL vs PCNL Duration of hospital stay MCID: 1 day absolute difference · people (>14 years) with kidney stones Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) versus percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) or retrograde… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 841 participants | Moderate |
ESWL vs RIRS Treatment success rate at 3 months MCID: 5% absolute difference · people (>14 years) with kidney stones Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) versus percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) or retrograde… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.78, 0.93] | 13 studies · 1349 participants | Low |
ESWL vs RIRS Quality of life MCID varies by instrument. · people (>14 years) with kidney stones Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) versus percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) or retrograde… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 214 participants | Very low |
ESWL vs RIRS Complications MCID: 3% absolute difference · people (>14 years) with kidney stones Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) versus percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) or retrograde… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.63, 1.36] | 13 studies · 1305 participants | Very low |
Potassium paraaminobenzoate vs placebo Outcomes ( · men with acute (maximum of 12 months) Peyronie's disease with no prior treatment and no evidence of calcified plaques… Non‐surgical therapies for Peyronie's disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Injectional interferon alpha‐2B vs saline Treatment‐related adverse effects · men with chronic (≥ 12 months) Peyronie's disease (single plaque) Non‐surgical therapies for Peyronie's disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Injectional interferon alpha‐2B vs saline Degree of penile curvature · men with chronic (≥ 12 months) Peyronie's disease (single plaque) Non‐surgical therapies for Peyronie's disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 103 participants | Very low |
Injectional interferon alpha‐2B vs saline Discontinuation from treatment · men with chronic (≥ 12 months) Peyronie's disease (single plaque) Non‐surgical therapies for Peyronie's disease (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.63 [0.22, 1.76] | 1 study · 117 participants | Very low |
Injectional nicardipine vs saline Outcomes ( · men with chronic Peyronie's disease (plaques without calcification) Non‐surgical therapies for Peyronie's disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Injectional nicardipine vs saline Patient‐reported ability to have intercourse · men with chronic Peyronie's disease (plaques without calcification) Non‐surgical therapies for Peyronie's disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Injectional nicardipine vs saline Quality of life · men with chronic Peyronie's disease (plaques without calcification) Non‐surgical therapies for Peyronie's disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Injectional nicardipine vs saline Treatment‐related adverse effects · men with chronic Peyronie's disease (plaques without calcification) Non‐surgical therapies for Peyronie's disease (2023) · Cochrane | RR 2.82 [0.12, 66.62] | 1 study · 62 participants | Very low |
Injectional nicardipine vs saline Degree of penile curvature · men with chronic Peyronie's disease (plaques without calcification) Non‐surgical therapies for Peyronie's disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 62 participants | Very low |
Injectional nicardipine vs saline Discontinuation from treatment · men with chronic Peyronie's disease (plaques without calcification) Non‐surgical therapies for Peyronie's disease (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.25, 2.05] | 1 study · 74 participants | Very low |
Injectional betamethasone vs saline Outcomes ( · men with Peyronie's disease (not defined) Non‐surgical therapies for Peyronie's disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Potassium paraaminobenzoate vs placebo Patient‐reported ability to have intercourse · men with acute (maximum of 12 months) Peyronie's disease with no prior treatment and no evidence of calcified plaques… Non‐surgical therapies for Peyronie's disease (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.19 [0.87, 1.62] | 1 study · 75 participants | Low |
Injectional betamethasone vs saline Patient‐reported ability to have intercourse · men with Peyronie's disease (not defined) Non‐surgical therapies for Peyronie's disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Injectional betamethasone vs saline Quality of life · men with Peyronie's disease (not defined) Non‐surgical therapies for Peyronie's disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Injectional betamethasone vs saline Treatment‐related adverse effects (long‐term) · men with Peyronie's disease (not defined) Non‐surgical therapies for Peyronie's disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Injectional betamethasone vs saline Degree of penile curvature · men with Peyronie's disease (not defined) Non‐surgical therapies for Peyronie's disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Injectional betamethasone vs saline Discontinuation from treatment · men with Peyronie's disease (not defined) Non‐surgical therapies for Peyronie's disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Injectional collagenase vs placebo Outcomes ( · men with Peyronie's disease (diagnosis of disease: at least 12 months, penile curvature: at least 30 degrees) Non‐surgical therapies for Peyronie's disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Injectional collagenase vs placebo Patient‐reported ability to have intercourse · men with Peyronie's disease (diagnosis of disease: at least 12 months, penile curvature: at least 30 degrees) Non‐surgical therapies for Peyronie's disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Injectional collagenase vs placebo Quality of life · men with Peyronie's disease (diagnosis of disease: at least 12 months, penile curvature: at least 30 degrees) Non‐surgical therapies for Peyronie's disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 134 participants | Low |
Injectional collagenase vs placebo Treatment‐related adverse effects · men with Peyronie's disease (diagnosis of disease: at least 12 months, penile curvature: at least 30 degrees) Non‐surgical therapies for Peyronie's disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Injectional collagenase vs placebo Degree of penile curvature · men with Peyronie's disease (diagnosis of disease: at least 12 months, penile curvature: at least 30 degrees) Non‐surgical therapies for Peyronie's disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 136 participants | Low |
Potassium paraaminobenzoate vs placebo Quality of life · men with acute (maximum of 12 months) Peyronie's disease with no prior treatment and no evidence of calcified plaques… Non‐surgical therapies for Peyronie's disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Injectional collagenase vs placebo Discontinuation from treatment · men with Peyronie's disease (diagnosis of disease: at least 12 months, penile curvature: at least 30 degrees) Non‐surgical therapies for Peyronie's disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Injectional collagenase vs placebo Outcomes ( · men with Peyronie's disease (diagnosis of disease: at least 12 months, penile curvature: at least 30 degrees) Non‐surgical therapies for Peyronie's disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Injectional collagenase vs placebo Patient‐reported ability to have intercourse · men with Peyronie's disease (diagnosis of disease: at least 12 months, penile curvature: at least 30 degrees) Non‐surgical therapies for Peyronie's disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Injectional collagenase vs placebo Quality of life · men with Peyronie's disease (diagnosis of disease: at least 12 months, penile curvature: at least 30 degrees) Non‐surgical therapies for Peyronie's disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 612 participants | Moderate |