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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,049 questions in 79 reviews · Dementia and Cognitive Improvement
current versionsNo studies 240 · 22.9%Ungraded 31 · 3%Very low 216 · 20.6%Low 253 · 24.1%Moderate 238 · 22.7%High 71 · 6.8%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Vitamin E + vitamin C vs placebo Executive function ‐ not measured · MCI Vitamin and mineral supplementation for preventing dementia or delaying cognitive decline in people with… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Vitamin E + vitamin C vs placebo Speed of processing ‐ not measured · MCI Vitamin and mineral supplementation for preventing dementia or delaying cognitive decline in people with… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Vitamin E + vitamin C vs placebo Quality of life ‐ not measured · MCI Vitamin and mineral supplementation for preventing dementia or delaying cognitive decline in people with… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
B vitamins vs placebo Overall cognitive function · MCI Vitamin and mineral supplementation for preventing dementia or delaying cognitive decline in people with… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 488 participants | Very low |
Vitamin E + vitamin C vs placebo Mortality ‐ not reported · MCI Vitamin and mineral supplementation for preventing dementia or delaying cognitive decline in people with… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
B vitamins vs placebo Episodic memory · MCI Vitamin and mineral supplementation for preventing dementia or delaying cognitive decline in people with… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 397 participants | Moderate |
B vitamins vs placebo Executive function · MCI Vitamin and mineral supplementation for preventing dementia or delaying cognitive decline in people with… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 392 participants | Moderate |
B vitamins vs placebo Speed of processing · MCI Vitamin and mineral supplementation for preventing dementia or delaying cognitive decline in people with… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 173 participants | Moderate |
B vitamins vs placebo Quality of life · MCI Vitamin and mineral supplementation for preventing dementia or delaying cognitive decline in people with… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 138 participants | Moderate |
B vitamins vs placebo Mortality ‐ not reported · MCI Vitamin and mineral supplementation for preventing dementia or delaying cognitive decline in people with… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Vitamin E vs placebo Incidence of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease · MCI Vitamin and mineral supplementation for preventing dementia or delaying cognitive decline in people with… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 516 participants | Moderate |
Vitamin E vs placebo Overall cognitive functioning · MCI Vitamin and mineral supplementation for preventing dementia or delaying cognitive decline in people with… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1 participants | Low |
B vitamins vs placebo Overall cognitive functioning 3 to 12 months of supplementation (final measurement data) · cognitively healthy people in mid and late life Vitamin and mineral supplementation for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in mid… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 2556 participants | Moderate |
Antioxidants vs placebo Beta‐carotene supplementation Overall cognitive functioning · cognitively healthy people in mid and late life Vitamin and mineral supplementation for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in mid… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1904 participants | Moderate |
Antioxidants vs placebo Beta‐carotene supplementation Overall cognitive functioning · cognitively healthy people in mid and late life Vitamin and mineral supplementation for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in mid… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1 participants | Low |
Antioxidants vs placebo Beta‐carotene supplementation Overall cognitive functioning · cognitively healthy people in mid and late life Vitamin and mineral supplementation for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in mid… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 4052 participants | Moderate |
Antioxidants vs placebo Vitamin C supplementation Overall cognitive functioning · cognitively healthy people in mid and late life Vitamin and mineral supplementation for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in mid… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1 participants | Low |
Antioxidants vs placebo Supplementation with beta‐carotene + vit C + vit E Overall cognitive functioning · cognitively healthy people in mid and late life Vitamin and mineral supplementation for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in mid… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20536 participants | Moderate |
Antioxidants vs placebo Supplementation with beta‐carotene + vit C + vit E Overall cognitive functioning · cognitively healthy people in mid and late life Vitamin and mineral supplementation for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in mid… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1100 participants | Moderate |
Antioxidants vs placebo Incidence of all‐cause dementia · cognitively healthy people in mid and late life Vitamin and mineral supplementation for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in mid… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 25 participants | Low |
Vitamin D3 vs placebo Overall cognitive functioning · cognitively healthy people in mid and late life Vitamin and mineral supplementation for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in mid… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Moderate |
Vitamin D3 vs placebo Overall cognitive functioning · cognitively healthy people in mid and late life Vitamin and mineral supplementation for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in mid… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 918 participants | Low |
Vitamin D3 vs placebo Incidence of probable dementia or MCI · cognitively healthy people in mid and late life Vitamin and mineral supplementation for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in mid… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 4143 participants | Low |
B vitamins vs placebo Overall cognitive functioning 3 to 12 months of supplementation (change from baseline data) · cognitively healthy people in mid and late life Vitamin and mineral supplementation for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in mid… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 317 participants | Low |
Zinc + copper vs placebo Overall cognitive functioning · cognitively healthy people in mid and late life Vitamin and mineral supplementation for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in mid… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1072 participants | Moderate |
Zinc + copper vs placebo Incidence of dementia or MCI · cognitively healthy people in mid and late life Vitamin and mineral supplementation for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in mid… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1072 participants | Low |
Complex multivitamin vs control Overall cognitive functioning · cognitively healthy people in mid and late life Vitamin and mineral supplementation for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in mid… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 5947 participants | Low |
Complex multivitamin vs control Overall cognitive functioning · cognitively healthy people in mid and late life Vitamin and mineral supplementation for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in mid… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 2324 participants | Low |
Complex multivitamin vs control Incidence of MCI or all‐cause dementia ‐ not measured · cognitively healthy people in mid and late life Vitamin and mineral supplementation for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in mid… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
B vitamins vs placebo Overall cognitive functioning > 1 to 2 years of supplementation (final measurement data) · cognitively healthy people in mid and late life Vitamin and mineral supplementation for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in mid… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 6956 participants | Moderate |
B vitamins vs placebo Overall cognitive functioning > 1 to 2 years of supplementation (change from baseline data) · cognitively healthy people in mid and late life Vitamin and mineral supplementation for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in mid… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 241 participants | Low |
B vitamins vs placebo Overall cognitive functioning > 2 to 5 years of supplementation (final measurement data) · cognitively healthy people in mid and late life Vitamin and mineral supplementation for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in mid… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 3985 participants | Moderate |
B vitamins vs placebo Overall cognitive functioning ‐ > 5‐10 years of supplementation (final measurement data) · cognitively healthy people in mid and late life Vitamin and mineral supplementation for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in mid… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 10249 participants | Low |
B vitamins vs placebo Incidence of MCI or dementia > 2 to 5 years of supplementation · cognitively healthy people in mid and late life Vitamin and mineral supplementation for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in mid… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.67, 1.18] | 1 study · 1803 participants | Moderate |
Antioxidants vs placebo Vitamin E supplementation Overall cognitive functioning · cognitively healthy people in mid and late life Vitamin and mineral supplementation for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in mid… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 74 participants | Very low |
Antioxidants vs placebo Vitamin E supplementation Overall cognitive functioning · cognitively healthy people in mid and late life Vitamin and mineral supplementation for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in mid… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 2 participants | Low |
Methylphenidate vs placebo Change in apathy (AES score) · Apathy in people with mild‐to‐moderate Alzheimer's disease Pharmacological interventions for apathy in Alzheimer's disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 145 participants | Low |
Modafinil vs placebo Change in apathy · Apathy in people with mild‐to‐moderate Alzheimer's disease Pharmacological interventions for apathy in Alzheimer's disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 22 participants | Low |
Modafinil vs placebo Adverse Events ‐ reported, but not analyzed in this review · Apathy in people with mild‐to‐moderate Alzheimer's disease Pharmacological interventions for apathy in Alzheimer's disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Modafinil vs placebo Change in NPS ‐ not investigated · Apathy in people with mild‐to‐moderate Alzheimer's disease Pharmacological interventions for apathy in Alzheimer's disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Modafinil vs placebo Change in cognition ‐ not investigated · Apathy in people with mild‐to‐moderate Alzheimer's disease Pharmacological interventions for apathy in Alzheimer's disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Modafinil vs placebo Change in functional performance · Apathy in people with mild‐to‐moderate Alzheimer's disease Pharmacological interventions for apathy in Alzheimer's disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 22 participants | Low |
Modafinil vs placebo Change in global disease severity ‐ not investigated · Apathy in people with mild‐to‐moderate Alzheimer's disease Pharmacological interventions for apathy in Alzheimer's disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Modafinil vs placebo Dropouts ‐ reported, but not analyzed in this review · Apathy in people with mild‐to‐moderate Alzheimer's disease Pharmacological interventions for apathy in Alzheimer's disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Methylphenidate vs placebo Change in apathy (NPI‐apathy subscale score) · Apathy in people with mild‐to‐moderate Alzheimer's disease Pharmacological interventions for apathy in Alzheimer's disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 85 participants | Low |
Methylphenidate vs placebo Adverse events · Apathy in people with mild‐to‐moderate Alzheimer's disease Pharmacological interventions for apathy in Alzheimer's disease (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.28 [0.67, 2.42] | 3 studies · 145 participants | Low |
Methylphenidate vs placebo Change in NPS · Apathy in people with mild‐to‐moderate Alzheimer's disease Pharmacological interventions for apathy in Alzheimer's disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 25 participants | Low |
Methylphenidate vs placebo Change in cognition · Apathy in people with mild‐to‐moderate Alzheimer's disease Pharmacological interventions for apathy in Alzheimer's disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 145 participants | Moderate |
Methylphenidate vs placebo Change in functional performance · Apathy in people with mild‐to‐moderate Alzheimer's disease Pharmacological interventions for apathy in Alzheimer's disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Moderate |
Methylphenidate vs placebo Change in functional performance · Apathy in people with mild‐to‐moderate Alzheimer's disease Pharmacological interventions for apathy in Alzheimer's disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Moderate |