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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Every word you type has to appear somewhere in the question, and the closest matches are ranked first.
10,375 questions in 429 reviews · Oral Health
current versionsNo studies 1,344 · 13%Ungraded 6,832 · 65.9%Very low 1,228 · 11.8%Low 613 · 5.9%Moderate 290 · 2.8%High 68 · 0.7%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Fixed-appliance orthodontic treatment incorporating surgically assisted orthodontics (adjunctive surgical procedure: corticotomy, micro-osteoperforation or interseptal bone reduction) to increase the rate of tooth movement vs Conventional treatment: fixed-appliance orthodontic treatment without surgical assistance Prolonged stability of treatment (adjudged using an accepted scale) · Individuals of any age receiving orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances (braces) (people requiring orthodontic… Surgical adjunctive procedures for accelerating orthodontic treatment (2015) · Cochrane | Results: 'Our prespecified secondary outcomes of patient satisfaction, improvement in occlusion, and prolonged stability of treatment were not measured in the trials.' | 0 studies | No studies |
Psychological interventions vs No treatment Adverse events · Children with a non-nutritive sucking habit (digit or pacifier) Interventions for the cessation of non‐nutritive sucking habits in children (2015) · Cochrane | SoF (psychological interventions vs no treatment): Adverse events - insufficient information reported. Table 3 (adverse outcomes after one month; Haryett 1967), psychological treatment group: reported upset 1/11 (9%);… | 1 study | Ungraded |
Oral cryotherapy for 30 minutes vs Oral cryotherapy for 60 minutes Oral mucositis (severe) · Adults with solid cancers receiving fluorouracil (5FU) and leucovorin Interventions for preventing oral mucositis in patients with cancer receiving treatment: oral cryotherapy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.60 [0.23, 1.58] | 1 study · 178 participants | Very low |
Oral cryotherapy (ice chips, ice-cold water, ice cubes or crushed ice held in the mouth during cancer treatment) vs Chlorhexidine rinse Oral mucositis (any severity) · Adults with solid cancers receiving fluorouracil (5FU) and leucovorin Interventions for preventing oral mucositis in patients with cancer receiving treatment: oral cryotherapy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.71, 1.32] | 1 study · 133 participants | Very low |
EGFR monoclonal antibody (cetuximab or nimotuzumab) plus standard therapy (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy) vs Standard therapy alone (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy) Adverse effects · People with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity or oropharynx · 24 to 70 months, Skin toxicity/acneiform rash (nimotuzumab, grades >=3) Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.20 [0.01, 4.05] | 1 study · 92 participants | Ungraded |
Fixed-appliance orthodontic treatment incorporating surgically assisted orthodontics (adjunctive surgical procedure: corticotomy, micro-osteoperforation or interseptal bone reduction) to increase the rate of tooth movement vs Conventional treatment: fixed-appliance orthodontic treatment without surgical assistance Rate of tooth movement (orthodontic tooth movement in mm at 3 months) · Individuals of any age receiving orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances (braces) (people requiring orthodontic… · 3 months Surgical adjunctive procedures for accelerating orthodontic treatment (2015) · Cochrane | MD 2.03 [1.52, 2.54] | 2 studies · 31 participants | Low |
Fluoridated milk vs Non-fluoridated milk Antibiotics due to dental infections · General population, irrespective of age or level of risk for dental caries Fluoridated milk for preventing dental caries (2015) · Cochrane | No evidence found. (No information was reported by the included study.) | 0 studies | No studies |
Preformed metal crown (fitted using the Hall Technique) vs Non-restorative caries treatment Discomfort associated with the procedure · Children with decayed primary molar teeth · Immediately after treatment Preformed crowns for decayed primary molar teeth (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.67 [0.65, 4.25] | 1 study · 104 participants | Very low |
Oral cryotherapy (ice chips, ice-cold water, ice cubes or crushed ice held in the mouth during cancer treatment) vs Low-dose leucovorin rinse Oral mucositis (any severity) · Patients with osteosarcoma (bone cancer) receiving high-dose methotrexate, vincristine and leucovorin Interventions for preventing oral mucositis in patients with cancer receiving treatment: oral cryotherapy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.67 [0.50, 0.90] | 1 study · 118 participants | Very low |
Oral cryotherapy (ice chips, ice-cold water, ice cubes or crushed ice held in the mouth during cancer treatment) vs Low-dose leucovorin rinse Oral mucositis (moderate to severe) · Patients with osteosarcoma (bone cancer) receiving high-dose methotrexate, vincristine and leucovorin Interventions for preventing oral mucositis in patients with cancer receiving treatment: oral cryotherapy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.18 [0.01, 3.42] | 1 study · 118 participants | Very low |
Oral cryotherapy (ice chips, ice-cold water, ice cubes or crushed ice held in the mouth during cancer treatment) vs Control (no treatment or standard/usual oral care, e.g. saline rinse) Oral mucositis (moderate to severe) · All patients with cancer who are receiving treatment · High-dose melphalan-based treatment prior to HSCT (haematological cancers) Interventions for preventing oral mucositis in patients with cancer receiving treatment: oral cryotherapy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.43 [0.17, 1.09] | 5 studies · 270 participants | Low |
Psychological interventions (positive/negative reinforcement, habit reversal, DRO) vs No treatment Sucking cessation (short term) · Children with a non-nutritive sucking habit (digit or pacifier) · Short term (less than 12 months) Interventions for the cessation of non‐nutritive sucking habits in children (2015) · Cochrane | RR 6.16 [1.18, 32.10] | 2 studies · 87 participants | Low |
Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (erlotinib, gefitinib or lapatinib) plus standard therapy (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy) vs Standard therapy alone (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy) Adverse effects · People with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity or oropharynx · 40 to 60 months, Mucositis (all grades) Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.94, 1.11] | 2 studies · 286 participants | Ungraded |
Micro-invasive treatment (proximal sealing or resin infiltration): resin sealant, glass ionomer sealant, polyurethane/adhesive patch, or resin infiltration vs Non-invasive measures (e.g. fluoride varnish, flossing/oral hygiene advice), no treatment, or placebo Adverse events · Dentate children and adults with non-cavitated proximal caries lesions extending into enamel or dentine (not pulp) in… · 1 to 3 years Micro‐invasive interventions for managing proximal dental decay in primary and permanent teeth (2015) · Cochrane | The four studies that measured adverse events reported no adverse events after micro-invasive treatment (no events in either arm) | 4 studies | Ungraded |
Fluoride gel (topically applied; operator- or self-applied; any fluoride agent/concentration; frequency at least once a year) vs Placebo or no treatment Tooth staining · Children and adolescents aged 16 years or younger Fluoride gels for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents (2015) · Cochrane | None of the studies reported on staining of tooth surfaces (not even Gisselsson 1999, the only trial testing stannous fluoride). | 0 studies | No studies |
Chlorhexidine varnish (10% and 40%) vs Placebo or no treatment Caries increment in permanent dentition (DMFS; higher values indicate greater caries) · Children and adolescents below 18 years at study start (included studies: children from birth to 15 years), with… · 30 to 36 months, permanent dentition Chlorhexidine treatment for the prevention of dental caries in children and adolescents (2015) · Cochrane | MD 0.53 [-0.47, 1.53] | 2 studies · 690 participants | Very low |
Micro-invasive treatment (proximal sealing or resin infiltration): resin sealant, glass ionomer sealant, polyurethane/adhesive patch, or resin infiltration vs Non-invasive measures (e.g. fluoride varnish, flossing/oral hygiene advice), no treatment, or placebo Caries (lesion) progression (radiographic; most sensitive measure per study, DSR > pairwise > visual scoring) · Dentate children and adults with non-cavitated proximal caries lesions extending into enamel or dentine (not pulp) in… · 12 to 36 months (radiographic follow-up) Micro‐invasive interventions for managing proximal dental decay in primary and permanent teeth (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.24 [0.14, 0.41] | 7 studies · 365 participants | Moderate |
Endodontic therapy (surgical or non-surgical) performed with the aid of one or more magnification devices (surgical microscope, endoscope or magnifying loupes) vs The same endodontic therapy performed without magnification devices (without visual enhancers) Repair of root perforations · Patients of any age who received endodontic therapy and were followed up for at least 1 year after treatment Magnification devices for endodontic therapy (2015) · Cochrane | No included study assessed this outcome; the review notes that such secondary outcomes were only sporadically reported and were never statistically assessed. | NR | No studies |
Fluoride gel (topically applied; operator- or self-applied; any fluoride agent/concentration; frequency at least once a year) vs Placebo or no treatment Signs of acute toxicity during gel application (nausea, gagging, vomiting) · Children and adolescents aged 16 years or younger · During gel application Fluoride gels for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents (2015) · Cochrane | RD 0.01 [-0.01, 0.02] | 2 studies · 490 participants | Very low |
Micro-invasive treatment (proximal sealing or resin infiltration): resin sealant, glass ionomer sealant, polyurethane/adhesive patch, or resin infiltration vs Non-invasive measures (e.g. fluoride varnish, flossing/oral hygiene advice), no treatment, or placebo Change in decayed, missing and filled (DMF/dmf) figures at surface, tooth and whole mouth level · Dentate children and adults with non-cavitated proximal caries lesions extending into enamel or dentine (not pulp) in… Micro‐invasive interventions for managing proximal dental decay in primary and permanent teeth (2015) · Cochrane | No studies reported on caries measured as change in decayed, missing and filled (DMF/dmf) figures at surface, tooth or whole mouth level | 0 studies | No studies |
Oral cryotherapy (ice chips, ice-cold water, ice cubes or crushed ice held in the mouth during cancer treatment) vs Control (no treatment or standard/usual oral care, e.g. saline rinse) Oral mucositis (any severity) · All patients with cancer who are receiving treatment · Fluorouracil (5FU) treatment for solid cancers Interventions for preventing oral mucositis in patients with cancer receiving treatment: oral cryotherapy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.61 [0.52, 0.72] | 5 studies · 444 participants | Moderate |
Oral cryotherapy (ice chips, ice-cold water, ice cubes or crushed ice held in the mouth during cancer treatment) vs Control (no treatment or standard/usual oral care, e.g. saline rinse) Quality of life · All patients with cancer who are receiving treatment · Fluorouracil (5FU) treatment for solid cancers Interventions for preventing oral mucositis in patients with cancer receiving treatment: oral cryotherapy (2015) · Cochrane | Summary of findings for the main comparison (5FU solid cancers): Quality of life - 'No studies assessed this outcome'. | 0 studies | No studies |
Oral cryotherapy (ice chips, ice-cold water, ice cubes or crushed ice held in the mouth during cancer treatment) vs Chlorhexidine rinse Oral mucositis (severe) · Adults with solid cancers receiving fluorouracil (5FU) and leucovorin Interventions for preventing oral mucositis in patients with cancer receiving treatment: oral cryotherapy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.34, 2.18] | 1 study · 133 participants | Very low |
Oral cryotherapy (ice chips, ice-cold water, ice cubes or crushed ice held in the mouth during cancer treatment) vs Control (no treatment or standard/usual oral care, e.g. saline rinse) Interruptions to cancer treatment (incidence) · All patients with cancer who are receiving treatment · High-dose melphalan-based treatment prior to HSCT (haematological cancers) Interventions for preventing oral mucositis in patients with cancer receiving treatment: oral cryotherapy (2015) · Cochrane | Summary of findings 2 (melphalan/HSCT): Interruptions to cancer treatment - 'No studies assessed this outcome'. | 0 studies | No studies |
Single full-coverage metal-ceramic crown over composite core and post vs Direct adhesive composite restoration with post (conventional filling, no crown) Periodontal health status · People with a permanent tooth that has undergone endodontic (root canal) treatment Single crowns versus conventional fillings for the restoration of root‐filled teeth (2015) · Cochrane | No data were reported nor measured by the study. The abstract confirms no evidence was available for any secondary outcome. | NR | No studies |
Oral cryotherapy (ice chips, ice-cold water, ice cubes or crushed ice held in the mouth during cancer treatment) vs High-dose leucovorin rinse Oral mucositis (any severity) · Patients with osteosarcoma (bone cancer) receiving high-dose methotrexate, vincristine and leucovorin Interventions for preventing oral mucositis in patients with cancer receiving treatment: oral cryotherapy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.65 [0.47, 0.90] | 1 study · 81 participants | Very low |
Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (erlotinib, gefitinib or lapatinib) plus standard therapy (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy) vs Standard therapy alone (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy) Disease-free survival · People with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity or oropharynx · 40 to 60 months, Gefitinib + radiotherapy (oral cavity) Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy (2015) · Cochrane | HR 1.51 [0.61, 3.71] | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Fluoride gel (topically applied; operator- or self-applied; any fluoride agent/concentration; frequency at least once a year) vs Placebo or no treatment Proportion of children developing new caries · Children and adolescents aged 16 years or younger (permanent dentition) Fluoride gels for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.68, 0.99] | 1 study · 280 participants | Ungraded |
Single full-coverage metal-ceramic crown over composite core and post vs Direct adhesive composite restoration with post (conventional filling, no crown) Non-catastrophic failure of the post · People with a permanent tooth that has undergone endodontic (root canal) treatment · 3 years Single crowns versus conventional fillings for the restoration of root‐filled teeth (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.96 [0.18, 21.01] | 1 study · 117 participants | Very low |
EGFR monoclonal antibody (cetuximab or nimotuzumab) plus standard therapy (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy) vs Standard therapy alone (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy) Adverse effects · People with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity or oropharynx · 24 to 70 months, Skin toxicity/acneiform rash (nimotuzumab, all grades) Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.85, 1.31] | 1 study · 92 participants | Ungraded |
Orthodontic appliances (palatal crib) vs No treatment Occlusion (change in mandibular arch length, short term) · Children with a non-nutritive sucking habit (digit or pacifier) · Short term (3 months) Interventions for the cessation of non‐nutritive sucking habits in children (2015) · Cochrane | Table 1 (reduction in malocclusion), Villa 1997 (n=24), palatal crib vs no treatment: change in mandibular arch length (mm) - no treatment 0.03 (SD 0.19); palatal crib -1.2 (SD 0.8); reported as statistically… | 1 study · 24 participants | Ungraded |
Oral cryotherapy (ice chips, ice-cold water, ice cubes or crushed ice held in the mouth during cancer treatment) vs Chlorhexidine rinse Oral mucositis (moderate to severe) · Adults with solid cancers receiving fluorouracil (5FU) and leucovorin Interventions for preventing oral mucositis in patients with cancer receiving treatment: oral cryotherapy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.51, 1.56] | 1 study · 133 participants | Very low |
Single full-coverage metal-ceramic crown over composite core and post vs Direct adhesive composite restoration with post (conventional filling, no crown) Incidence or recurrence of caries (assessed clinically or by radiographs) · People with a permanent tooth that has undergone endodontic (root canal) treatment Single crowns versus conventional fillings for the restoration of root‐filled teeth (2015) · Cochrane | No data were reported nor measured by the study. The abstract confirms no evidence was available for any secondary outcome. | NR | No studies |
EGFR monoclonal antibody (cetuximab or nimotuzumab) plus standard therapy (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy) vs Standard therapy alone (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy) Adverse effects · People with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity or oropharynx · 24 to 70 months, Dysphagia (all grades) Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.92, 1.03] | 3 studies · 1403 participants | Ungraded |
Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (erlotinib, gefitinib or lapatinib) plus standard therapy (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy) vs Standard therapy alone (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy) Locoregional control · People with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity or oropharynx · 40 to 60 months Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy (2015) · Cochrane | HR 0.89 [0.53, 1.49] | 2 studies · 271 participants | Very low |
Breastfeeding vs Bottle feeding Presence of dental caries · Children with exclusively primary dentition (age ≤71 months) Breast and Bottle Feeding as Risk Factors for Dental Caries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. (2015) | OR 0.43 [0.23, 0.80] | 2 studies · 620 participants | Ungraded |
Micro-invasive treatment (proximal sealing or resin infiltration): resin sealant, glass ionomer sealant, polyurethane/adhesive patch, or resin infiltration vs Non-invasive measures (e.g. fluoride varnish, flossing/oral hygiene advice), no treatment, or placebo Caries (lesion) progression measured by digital subtraction radiography (DSR) · Dentate children and adults with non-cavitated proximal caries lesions extending into enamel or dentine (not pulp) in… · 12 to 18 months (radiographic follow-up) Micro‐invasive interventions for managing proximal dental decay in primary and permanent teeth (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.18 [0.06, 0.50] | 3 studies | Moderate |
Micro-invasive treatment (proximal sealing or resin infiltration): resin sealant, glass ionomer sealant, polyurethane/adhesive patch, or resin infiltration vs Non-invasive measures (e.g. fluoride varnish, flossing/oral hygiene advice), no treatment, or placebo Caries (lesion) progression measured by radiographic scoring · Dentate children and adults with non-cavitated proximal caries lesions extending into enamel or dentine (not pulp) in… · 12 to 30 months (radiographic follow-up) Micro‐invasive interventions for managing proximal dental decay in primary and permanent teeth (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.27 [0.17, 0.44] | 5 studies | Moderate |
Psychological intervention + orthodontic treatment (palatal crib or palatal arch) vs No treatment Sucking cessation (short term) · Children with a non-nutritive sucking habit (digit or pacifier) · Short term (less than 12 months) Interventions for the cessation of non‐nutritive sucking habits in children (2015) · Cochrane | RR 6.36 [0.97, 41.96] | 1 study · 32 participants | Ungraded |
Cessation of water fluoridation (fluoride removed from the water supply) vs Continued fluoridated water Caries in deciduous teeth (dmft/dmfs) · People of all ages in a previously fluoridated community (Maupome 2001: children with generally low caries experience) Water fluoridation for the prevention of dental caries (2015) · Cochrane | No evidence to determine the effect of the cessation of water fluoridation on caries in deciduous teeth. No included study reported change in dmft following cessation. | 0 studies | No studies |
Higher water fluoride concentration (fluoridated water; natural or artificial) vs Lower water fluoride concentration (concurrent control) Dental fluorosis of any level (all severities) · Populations of all ages (mostly children) exposed to drinking water with differing fluoride concentrations · Cross-sectional Water fluoridation for the prevention of dental caries (2015) · Cochrane | OR 3.60 [2.86, 4.53] | 90 studies · 180530 participants | Low |
Oral cryotherapy (ice chips, ice-cold water, ice cubes or crushed ice held in the mouth during cancer treatment) vs Control (no treatment or standard/usual oral care, e.g. saline rinse) Oral mucositis (any severity) · All patients with cancer who are receiving treatment · Low-dose methotrexate for GVHD prophylaxis after allogeneic HSCT Interventions for preventing oral mucositis in patients with cancer receiving treatment: oral cryotherapy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.90, 1.07] | 1 study · 122 participants | Very low |
Non-specific immunotherapy (recombinant interleukin-2 or BCG cell wall preparation) plus standard therapy vs Standard therapy alone Adverse effects · People with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity or oropharynx · 24 to 70 months, Stomatitis (rIL-2, all grades) Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.47 [0.75, 2.90] | 1 study · 30 participants | Ungraded |
Fixed-appliance orthodontic treatment incorporating surgically assisted orthodontics (adjunctive surgical procedure: corticotomy, micro-osteoperforation or interseptal bone reduction) to increase the rate of tooth movement vs Conventional treatment: fixed-appliance orthodontic treatment without surgical assistance Harms arising during orthodontic treatment (gingival and periodontal problems, anchorage loss and iatrogenic damage to teeth e.g. caries/decalcification, root resorption); only periodontal/gingival health assessed · Individuals of any age receiving orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances (braces) (people requiring orthodontic… · Up to 4 months Surgical adjunctive procedures for accelerating orthodontic treatment (2015) · Cochrane | SoF: Assumed risk 'See comment'; Corresponding risk 'See comment'; 13 (1 study, split‐mouth); Quality ⊕⊖⊖⊖ very low. Comment: 'Gingival and periodonal problems only were assesed in 1 study (Aboul‐Ela 2011). No precise… | 1 study · 13 participants | Very low |
Oral cryotherapy (ice chips, ice-cold water, ice cubes or crushed ice held in the mouth during cancer treatment) vs High-dose leucovorin rinse Oral mucositis (moderate to severe) · Patients with osteosarcoma (bone cancer) receiving high-dose methotrexate, vincristine and leucovorin Interventions for preventing oral mucositis in patients with cancer receiving treatment: oral cryotherapy (2015) · Cochrane | Oral mucositis (moderate to severe). Not estimable - no participants had developed moderate or severe oral mucositis by the fourth day after chemotherapy when the data were reported (Zhang 2011, Analysis 4.2, subgroup… | 1 study · 81 participants | Ungraded |
Chlorhexidine spray vs Placebo or no intervention (including routine care) Outcome NR · Children and adolescents below 18 years at study start (included studies: children from birth to 15 years), with… Chlorhexidine treatment for the prevention of dental caries in children and adolescents (2015) · Cochrane | There were no trials on other products containing chlorhexidine such as sprays, toothpastes, chewing gums or mouthrinses. | 0 studies | No studies |
Chlorhexidine toothpaste vs Placebo or no intervention (including routine care) Outcome NR · Children and adolescents below 18 years at study start (included studies: children from birth to 15 years), with… Chlorhexidine treatment for the prevention of dental caries in children and adolescents (2015) · Cochrane | There were no trials on other products containing chlorhexidine such as sprays, toothpastes, chewing gums or mouthrinses. | 0 studies | No studies |
Endodontic therapy performed with one type of magnification device (surgical microscope, endoscope or magnifying loupes) vs Endodontic therapy performed with a different type of magnification device Repair of root perforations · Patients of any age who received endodontic therapy and were followed up for at least 1 year after treatment Magnification devices for endodontic therapy (2015) · Cochrane | No included study assessed this outcome; the review notes that such secondary outcomes were only sporadically reported and were never statistically assessed. | NR | No studies |
Preformed crown (any material; conventional technique or Hall Technique) vs Filling (any material; with or without complete carious tissue excavation; with or without pulp treatment) Major failure · Children with decayed primary molar teeth · Long term (12 months to 48 months) Preformed crowns for decayed primary molar teeth (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.18 [0.06, 0.56] | 3 studies · 346 participants | Moderate |
Endodontic therapy (surgical or non-surgical) performed with the aid of one or more magnification devices (surgical microscope, endoscope or magnifying loupes) vs The same endodontic therapy performed without magnification devices (without visual enhancers) Quality of visualisation of root canal anatomy and morphology · Patients of any age who received endodontic therapy and were followed up for at least 1 year after treatment Magnification devices for endodontic therapy (2015) · Cochrane | No included study assessed this outcome; the review notes that such secondary outcomes were only sporadically reported and were never statistically assessed. | NR | No studies |