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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

4,410 questions · 8,901 findings · 1,091 reviews

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No studies found 1,687 · 19%GRADE not reported 1,469 · 16.5%Very low 1,969 · 22.1%Low 2,060 · 23.1%Moderate 1,302 · 14.6%High 414 · 4.7%

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Indirect restorations (crowns, fixed partial dentures, inlays/onlays/veneers) vs None (single-group incidence)

Pulp necrosis · Vital teeth restored with indirect restorations

Pulp necrosis incidence among treated by prosthodontists was 1.87% (subgroup analysis; not GRADE-rated).

23 findings from 1 review
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Tooth location

Pulp necrosis · Vital teeth

One study reported a 7.1% incidence in mandibular posterior teeth.

8 findings from 1 review
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Indirect restoration placement by undergraduate students vs None (single-group incidence)

Pulp necrosis · Vital teeth

The pooled incidence with undergraduate students was 5.68%.

2 findings from 1 review

Pre-operative caries fillings or crowns vs Intact teeth

Pulp necrosis · Vital teeth

One study reported a 13% incidence in teeth with pre-operative caries fillings or crowns.

2 findings from 1 review

Pre-operative bone level < 35% vs Pre-operative bone level ≥ 35%

Periapical pathosis incidence · Vital teeth

One study reported a 1.4% incidence with bone level < 35%.

2 findings from 1 review

Eugenol-based temporary cement vs Eugenol-free temporary cement

Pulp necrosis · Vital teeth

The pooled incidence with eugenol-based temporary cement was 3.34%.

2 findings from 1 review

Gum chewing (sugar-free) vs No chewing gum

Self-reported thirst · Elderly (>60 years) and medically compromised adults with xerostomia / dry mouth

Gum chewing reduced self-reported thirst in most studies (6 of 7 positive, 1 no effect); not meta-analyzed.

1 finding from 1 review

Indirect restorations (crowns, fixed partial dentures, inlays/onlays/veneers) vs None (single-group incidence)

Periapical pathosis · Vital teeth restored with indirect restorations

Periapical pathosis incidence among follow-up >5-10 years was 3.88% (subgroup analysis; not GRADE-rated).

6 findings from 1 review
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Gum chewing (sugar-free) vs Within-subject before/after comparison of soft gum vs hard gum (no no-gum control)

Oral mucosal moisture · Elderly (>60 years) and medically compromised adults with xerostomia / dry mouth

One small study found that chewing hard (but not soft) gum increased oral mucosal moisture.

1 finding from 1 review

Polyether impression material vs Polyvinyl siloxane impression material

Pulp necrosis · Vital teeth

The pooled incidence with polyether impression material was 4.02%.

2 findings from 1 review

Antioxidant multivitamin and mineral supplement vs placebo or no treatment

Progression to late AMD (neovascular AMD, geographic atrophy or both) · people with AMD

Antioxidant multivitamin and mineral supplement probably leads to lower progression to late AMD (neovascular AMD, geographic atrophy, or both) compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Lutein with or without zeaxanthin vs placebo

Progression to visual loss (loss of 3 or more lines on logMAR chart) · people with AMD

Lutein with or without zeaxanthin showed no clear difference in progression to visual loss (loss of 3 or more lines on logMAR chart) compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review