Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

4,587 questions · 5,761 findings · 495 reviews

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No studies found 1,011 · 17.5%GRADE not reported 1,797 · 31.2%Very low 1,100 · 19.1%Low 1,052 · 18.3%Moderate 649 · 11.3%High 152 · 2.6%

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NSAIDs vs combined OCP

Pain score (measured on VAS; 0–100; lower score is better) · women with primary dysmenorrhoea

1 finding from 1 review

Combined oral contraceptive pill for primary dysmenorrhoea 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 91 participants
Low

NSAIDs vs combined OCP

Pain improvement · women with primary dysmenorrhoea

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Combined oral contraceptive pill for primary dysmenorrhoea 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

NSAIDs vs combined OCP

Adverse events · women with primary dysmenorrhoea

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Combined oral contraceptive pill for primary dysmenorrhoea 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

NSAIDs vs combined OCP

Requirement for additional medication · women with primary dysmenorrhoea

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Combined oral contraceptive pill for primary dysmenorrhoea 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

NSAIDs vs combined OCP

Time off school or work · women with primary dysmenorrhoea

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Combined oral contraceptive pill for primary dysmenorrhoea 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Combined OCP vs placebo or no treatment

Pain improvement (assessed as improvement from 1 major category to next) · women with primary dysmenorrhoea

Combined OCP may leads to higher pain improvement (assessed as improvement from 1 major category to… compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined oral contraceptive pill for primary dysmenorrhoea 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.65 [1.29, 2.1]
6 studies · 717 participants
Low

Combined OCP vs placebo or no treatment

Adverse events · women with primary dysmenorrhoea

Combined OCP probably leads to higher adverse events compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined oral contraceptive pill for primary dysmenorrhoea 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.31 [1.2, 1.43]
7 studies · 1025 participants
Moderate

Combined OCP vs placebo or no treatment

Requirement for additional medication · women with primary dysmenorrhoea

Combined OCP may leads to lower requirement for additional medication compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined oral contraceptive pill for primary dysmenorrhoea 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.63 [0.4, 0.98]
2 studies · 163 participants
Low

Combined OCP vs placebo or no treatment

Time off school or work · women with primary dysmenorrhoea

Combined OCP may leads to lower absence from work or school compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined oral contraceptive pill for primary dysmenorrhoea 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.63 [0.41, 0.97]
2 studies · 148 participants
Low

Combined low‐dose OCP vs another combined low‐dose OCP

Pain score ( · women with primary dysmenorrhoea

1 finding from 1 review

Combined oral contraceptive pill for primary dysmenorrhoea 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 106 participants
Low

Combined low‐dose OCP vs another combined low‐dose OCP

Pain improvement · women with primary dysmenorrhoea

Combined low‐dose OCP showed no clear difference in pain improvement compared with another combined low‐dose OCP (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined oral contraceptive pill for primary dysmenorrhoea 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.06 [0.65, 1.74]
1 study · 326 participants
Moderate

Combined low‐dose OCP vs another combined low‐dose OCP

Adverse events for continuous vs standard regimen OCP · women with primary dysmenorrhoea

Combined low‐dose OCP may leads to higher adverse events for continuous vs standard regimen OCP compared with another combined low‐dose OCP (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined oral contraceptive pill for primary dysmenorrhoea 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.11 [1.01, 1.22]
3 studies · 602 participants
Low

Combined low‐dose OCP vs another combined low‐dose OCP

Requirement for additional medication · women with primary dysmenorrhoea

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Combined oral contraceptive pill for primary dysmenorrhoea 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Anticholinergic medication vs placebo

Disease‐specific quality of life · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

Anticholinergics showed no clear difference in mean change from baseline in condition‐specific quality of lifeScale… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral anticholinergic drugs versus placebo or no treatment for managing overactive bladder syndrome in adults 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
MD 4.41
12 studies · 6804 participants
Low

Anticholinergic medication vs placebo

Perception of improvement or cure · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

Anticholinergics probably leads to higher patient perception of cure or improvement compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral anticholinergic drugs versus placebo or no treatment for managing overactive bladder syndrome in adults 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.38 [1.15, 1.66]
9 studies · 8457 participants
Moderate

Anticholinergic medication vs placebo

Number of urgency episodes per 24 hours: immediately after treatment · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

Anticholinergics showed no clear difference in mean number of urgency episodes per 24 hours compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral anticholinergic drugs versus placebo or no treatment for managing overactive bladder syndrome in adults 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
MD 0.85
23 studies · 16875 participants
Moderate

Anticholinergic medication vs placebo

Adverse effects: dry mouth · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

Anticholinergics may leads to higher adverse events: dry mouth compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral anticholinergic drugs versus placebo or no treatment for managing overactive bladder syndrome in adults 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 3.5 [3.26, 3.75]
66 studies · 38368 participants
Low

Anticholinergic medication vs placebo

Adverse events:urinary retention · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

Anticholinergics may leads to higher adverse events:urinary retention compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral anticholinergic drugs versus placebo or no treatment for managing overactive bladder syndrome in adults 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 3.52 [2.04, 6.08]
17 studies · 7862 participants
Low

Anticholinergic medication vs placebo

Withdrawals due to adverse events · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

Anticholinergics may leads to higher withdrawal due to adverse events compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral anticholinergic drugs versus placebo or no treatment for managing overactive bladder syndrome in adults 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.37 [1.21, 1.56]
61 studies · 36943 participants
Low

Anticholinergic medication vs placebo

Number of micturition episodes per 24 hours: immediately after treatment · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

Anticholinergics showed no clear difference in mean number of micturitions per 24 hours compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral anticholinergic drugs versus placebo or no treatment for managing overactive bladder syndrome in adults 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
MD 0.85
30 studies · 19395 participants
Moderate