Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

4,751 questions · 12,775 findings · 807 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 3,413 · 26.7%GRADE not reported 709 · 5.5%Very low 3,483 · 27.3%Low 3,165 · 24.8%Moderate 1,628 · 12.7%High 377 · 3%

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Intervention not reported

Non‐serious adverse events for all placebos · patients with mental health disorders

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Control interventions in randomised trials among people with mental health disorders 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

All placebos compared with wait‐list or no‐treatment (Variety of continuous outcome) (Post‐treatment) · patients with mental health disorders

1 finding from 1 review

Control interventions in randomised trials among people with mental health disorders 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
65 studies · 2446 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Psychological placebos compared with wait‐list or no‐treatment (Variety of continuous outcome) (Post‐treatment) · patients with mental health disorders

1 finding from 1 review

Control interventions in randomised trials among people with mental health disorders 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
38 studies · 1263 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Pharmacological placebos compared with wait‐list or no‐treatment (Variety of continuous outcome) (Post‐treatment) · patients with mental health disorders

1 finding from 1 review

Control interventions in randomised trials among people with mental health disorders 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
9 studies · 279 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Physical placebos compared with wait‐list or no‐treatment (Variety of continuous outcome) (Post‐treatment) · patients with mental health disorders

1 finding from 1 review

Control interventions in randomised trials among people with mental health disorders 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
17 studies · 896 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Serious adverse events for all placebos compared with wait‐list or no treatment (Spontaneous reporting of dichotomous outcomes) (Post‐treatment) · patients with mental health disorders

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes serious adverse events for all placebos compared with wait‐list or… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Control interventions in randomised trials among people with mental health disorders 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
11 studies · 517 participants
Very low

Medical or surgical intervention, or both, for gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease vs nil intervention, delayed intervention control, or placebo

Exacerbations: number of people experiencing moderate or severe exacerbations · treatment for asthma in adults and children with asthma and GORD

Medical or surgical intervention, or both, for gastro‐oesophageal… showed no clear difference in number of participants with moderate/severe acute exacerbations… compared with nil intervention, delayed intervention control, or placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and surgical interventions for the treatment of gastro‐oesophageal reflux in adults and children with… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.53 [0.17, 1.63]
2 studies · 1168 participants
Low

Medical or surgical intervention, or both, for gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease vs nil intervention, delayed intervention control, or placebo

Lung function: FEV1 mL (change from baseline) · treatment for asthma in adults and children with asthma and GORD

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and surgical interventions for the treatment of gastro‐oesophageal reflux in adults and children with… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 1333 participants
Moderate

Medical or surgical intervention, or both, for gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease vs nil intervention, delayed intervention control, or placebo

Use of "rescue" medications and emergency action plans: B2 use puffs per day Duration of treatment: range 14 weeks to 24 weeks · treatment for asthma in adults and children with asthma and GORD

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and surgical interventions for the treatment of gastro‐oesophageal reflux in adults and children with… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 239 participants
Moderate

Medical or surgical intervention, or both, for gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease vs nil intervention, delayed intervention control, or placebo

Change in quality of life · treatment for asthma in adults and children with asthma and GORD

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and surgical interventions for the treatment of gastro‐oesophageal reflux in adults and children with… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 1595 participants
Low

Medical or surgical intervention, or both, for gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease vs nil intervention, delayed intervention control, or placebo

Healthcare utilisation ‐ not measured · treatment for asthma in adults and children with asthma and GORD

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and surgical interventions for the treatment of gastro‐oesophageal reflux in adults and children with… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

Invitation versus control: uptake of screening · women for cervical screening

The intervention probably leads to higher invitation versus control: uptake of screening (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions targeted at women to encourage the uptake of cervical screening 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.71 [1.49, 1.96]
24 studies · 141391 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

GP invitation letter versus invitation letter from other authority sources: uptake of screening · women for cervical screening

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes GP invitation letter versus invitation letter from other authority… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions targeted at women to encourage the uptake of cervical screening 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.69 [0.75, 3.82]
2 studies · 86 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Personal invitation versus invitation letter: uptake of screening · women for cervical screening

The intervention may leads to higher personal invitation versus invitation letter: uptake of screening (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions targeted at women to encourage the uptake of cervical screening 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.32 [1.11, 1.56]
5 studies · 27663 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Letter with fixed appointment versus letter with open invitation to make appointment: uptake of screening · women for cervical screening

The intervention probably leads to higher letter with fixed appointment versus letter with open invitation to… (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions targeted at women to encourage the uptake of cervical screening 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.61 [1.48, 1.75]
5 studies · 5742 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Counselling versus control: uptake of screening · women for cervical screening

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes counselling versus control: uptake of screening (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions targeted at women to encourage the uptake of cervical screening 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.23 [1.04, 1.45]
2 studies · 393 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Counselling versus other: uptake of screening · women for cervical screening

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes counselling versus other: uptake of screening (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions targeted at women to encourage the uptake of cervical screening 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.13 [0.9, 1.41]
1 study · 208 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Education versus control: uptake of screening · women for cervical screening

The intervention may leads to higher education versus control: uptake of screening (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions targeted at women to encourage the uptake of cervical screening 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.35 [1.18, 1.54]
13 studies · 63415 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Education versus other: uptake of screening · women for cervical screening

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions targeted at women to encourage the uptake of cervical screening 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2500 participants
Very low

Prism adaptation training vs control

Secondary outcomes · spatial neglect or inattention following stroke and other adult‐acquired non‐progressive brain injury

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for spatial neglect or inattention following stroke and other non‐progressive brain… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found