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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,049 questions in 79 reviews · Dementia and Cognitive Improvement
current versionsNo studies 240 · 22.9%Ungraded 31 · 3%Very low 216 · 20.6%Low 253 · 24.1%Moderate 238 · 22.7%High 71 · 6.8%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
TongXingLuo vs Western medicine Behaviour ‐ only measured in one study · People with vascular dementia Traditional Chinese herbal medicine for vascular dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
FuFangHaiShe vs 'no treatment' Cognition‐MMSE · People with vascular dementia Traditional Chinese herbal medicine for vascular dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 110 participants | Low |
FuFangHaiShe vs 'no treatment' Cognition‐HDS ‐ not measured · People with vascular dementia Traditional Chinese herbal medicine for vascular dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table: Art therapy vs active control group activity Change in MMSE · people with dementia Art therapy for people with dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 39 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table: Art therapy vs active control group activity Change in Apathy Scale · people with dementia Art therapy for people with dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 39 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table: Art therapy vs active control group activity Change in CSDD · people with dementia Art therapy for people with dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 21 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table: Art therapy vs active control group activity Change in MCS‐8 · people with dementia Art therapy for people with dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 39 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table: Art therapy vs active control group activity Adverse effects · people with dementia Art therapy for people with dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 60 participants | Very low |
Nectar thick liquids (300 cPs) vs regular liquids 15cPs Elimination of aspiration on videofluoroscopy · adults with dementia and dysphagia Modifying the consistency of food and fluids for swallowing difficulties in dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 351 participants | Low |
Honey thick liquids (3000 cPs) vs regular liquids (15cPs) Elimination of aspiration on videofluoroscopy · adults with dementia and dysphagia Modifying the consistency of food and fluids for swallowing difficulties in dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 351 participants | Low |
Regular fluids (15cPs) and chin down head posture vs regular fluids (15cPs) and neutral head position Elimination of aspiration on videofluoroscopy · adults with dementia and dysphagia Modifying the consistency of food and fluids for swallowing difficulties in dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 351 participants | Low |
Summary of findings for additional food items between meals vs usual care Food and fluid intake, measured by calories consumed in total per day (kcal, · people with dementia Environmental and behavioural modifications for improving food and fluid intake in people with dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 42 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings for education and nutrition promotion programme vs no intervention Mealtime behaviour, measured by the EBS (range 0‐30, higher=better, · people with dementia Environmental and behavioural modifications for improving food and fluid intake in people with dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 656 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings for spaced retrieval combined with errorless learning training programme for people with dementia vs spaced retrieval only training programme Food and fluid intake, · people with dementia Environmental and behavioural modifications for improving food and fluid intake in people with dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings for spaced retrieval combined with errorless learning training programme for people with dementia vs spaced retrieval only training programme Nutritional status not measured · people with dementia Environmental and behavioural modifications for improving food and fluid intake in people with dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings for spaced retrieval combined with errorless learning training programme for people with dementia vs spaced retrieval only training programme Mealtime behaviour not measured · people with dementia Environmental and behavioural modifications for improving food and fluid intake in people with dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings for spaced retrieval combined with errorless learning training programme for people with dementia vs spaced retrieval only training programme CI: confidence interval · people with dementia Environmental and behavioural modifications for improving food and fluid intake in people with dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings for spaced retrieval training programme for people with dementia vs no intervention Food and fluid intake, measured by amount of served food eaten (percentage, · people with dementia Environmental and behavioural modifications for improving food and fluid intake in people with dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 54 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings for spaced retrieval training programme for people with dementia vs no intervention Nutritional status, measured by MNA (range 0‐30, higher = better, · people with dementia Environmental and behavioural modifications for improving food and fluid intake in people with dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 54 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings for spaced retrieval training programme for people with dementia vs no intervention Nutritional status, measured by BMI (kg/m², · people with dementia Environmental and behavioural modifications for improving food and fluid intake in people with dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 33 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings for spaced retrieval training programme for people with dementia vs no intervention Nutritional status, measured by body weight (kg, · people with dementia Environmental and behavioural modifications for improving food and fluid intake in people with dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 33 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings for spaced retrieval training programme for people with dementia vs no intervention Mealtime behaviour, measured by EdFED scale (range 0‐20, lower = better, 8 weeks) · people with dementia Environmental and behavioural modifications for improving food and fluid intake in people with dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 54 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings for additional food items between meals vs usual care Nutritional status, measured by body weight (kg, · people with dementia Environmental and behavioural modifications for improving food and fluid intake in people with dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 42 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings for Montessori‐based activities training programme for people with dementia vs no intervention Food and fluid intake, measured by amount of served food eaten (percentage, 3 months) · people with dementia Environmental and behavioural modifications for improving food and fluid intake in people with dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 54 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings for Montessori‐based activities training programme for people with dementia vs no intervention Nutritional status · people with dementia Environmental and behavioural modifications for improving food and fluid intake in people with dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 54 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings for Montessori‐based activities training programme for people with dementia vs no intervention Nutritional status · people with dementia Environmental and behavioural modifications for improving food and fluid intake in people with dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 33 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings for Montessori‐based activities training programme for people with dementia vs no intervention Nutritional status · people with dementia Environmental and behavioural modifications for improving food and fluid intake in people with dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 33 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings for Montessori‐based activities training programme for people with dementia vs no intervention Mealtime behaviour · people with dementia Environmental and behavioural modifications for improving food and fluid intake in people with dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 54 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings for feeding skills training programme for nurses vs no intervention Food and fluid intake, measured as amount of served food eaten (percentage, · people with dementia Environmental and behavioural modifications for improving food and fluid intake in people with dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings for feeding skills training programme for nurses vs no intervention Nutritional status not measured · people with dementia Environmental and behavioural modifications for improving food and fluid intake in people with dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings for feeding skills training programme for nurses vs no intervention Mealtime behaviour, · people with dementia Environmental and behavioural modifications for improving food and fluid intake in people with dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings for verbal and physical encouragement by touch vs only verbal encouragement during meals Food and fluid intake, measured by calories consumed per meal (kcal, · people with dementia Environmental and behavioural modifications for improving food and fluid intake in people with dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 42 participants | Low |
Summary of findings for verbal and physical encouragement by touch vs only verbal encouragement during meals Food and fluid intake, measured by protein consumed per meal (grams, · people with dementia Environmental and behavioural modifications for improving food and fluid intake in people with dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 42 participants | Low |
Summary of findings for additional food items between meals vs usual care Mealtime behaviour not measured · people with dementia Environmental and behavioural modifications for improving food and fluid intake in people with dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings for verbal and physical encouragement by touch vs only verbal encouragement during meals Nutritional status not measured · people with dementia Environmental and behavioural modifications for improving food and fluid intake in people with dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings for verbal and physical encouragement by touch vs only verbal encouragement during meals Mealtime behaviour not measured · people with dementia Environmental and behavioural modifications for improving food and fluid intake in people with dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings for education and nutrition promotion programme vs no intervention Food and fluid intake, measured by total protein intake (g/kg of body weight, · people with dementia Environmental and behavioural modifications for improving food and fluid intake in people with dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 78 participants | Low |
Summary of findings for education and nutrition promotion programme vs no intervention Nutritional status, measured by MNA (range 0‐30, higher = better, · people with dementia Environmental and behavioural modifications for improving food and fluid intake in people with dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 656 participants | Low |
Summary of findings for education and nutrition promotion programme vs no intervention Nutritional status, measured by BMI (kg/m², · people with dementia Environmental and behavioural modifications for improving food and fluid intake in people with dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 52 participants | Low |
Summary of findings for education and nutrition promotion programme vs no intervention Nutritional status, measured by BMI (kg/m², · people with dementia Environmental and behavioural modifications for improving food and fluid intake in people with dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 734 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings for education and nutrition promotion programme vs no intervention Nutritional status, measured by body weight (kg, · people with dementia Environmental and behavioural modifications for improving food and fluid intake in people with dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 52 participants | Low |
Summary of findings for education and nutrition promotion programme vs no intervention Nutritional status, measured by body weight (kg, · people with dementia Environmental and behavioural modifications for improving food and fluid intake in people with dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 656 participants | Moderate |
B vitamins vs placebo Incidence of dementia ‐ not measured · MCI Vitamin and mineral supplementation for preventing dementia or delaying cognitive decline in people with… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Vitamin E vs placebo Episodic memory · MCI Vitamin and mineral supplementation for preventing dementia or delaying cognitive decline in people with… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1 participants | Low |
Vitamin E vs placebo Executive functioning · MCI Vitamin and mineral supplementation for preventing dementia or delaying cognitive decline in people with… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1 participants | Low |
Vitamin E vs placebo Quality of life ‐ not measured · MCI Vitamin and mineral supplementation for preventing dementia or delaying cognitive decline in people with… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Vitamin E vs placebo Mortality · MCI Vitamin and mineral supplementation for preventing dementia or delaying cognitive decline in people with… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1 participants | Ungraded |
Vitamin E + vitamin C vs placebo Incidence of dementia ‐ not measured · MCI Vitamin and mineral supplementation for preventing dementia or delaying cognitive decline in people with… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Vitamin E + vitamin C vs placebo Overall cognitive function · MCI Vitamin and mineral supplementation for preventing dementia or delaying cognitive decline in people with… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 256 participants | Very low |
Vitamin E + vitamin C vs placebo Episodic memory ‐ not measured · MCI Vitamin and mineral supplementation for preventing dementia or delaying cognitive decline in people with… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |