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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

412 questions · 450 findings · 63 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 91 · 20.2%GRADE not reported 34 · 7.6%Very low 151 · 33.6%Low 113 · 25.1%Moderate 50 · 11.1%High 11 · 2.4%

Group‐based parent training programmes vs control

Internalising problems (parent report) Scale used: CAPES postintervention · young children

Group‐based parent training programmes showed no clear difference in internalising problems (parent report) Scale used: CAPES… compared with control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Group‐based parent training programmes vs control

Social skills (parent report) Scale used: VABS postintervention · young children

It is very uncertain whether group‐based parent training programmes changes social skills (parent report) Scale used: VABS postintervention compared with control (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Group‐based parent training programmes vs control

Parent‐child interaction ‐ negative behaviour (observer report) Scales used: DPICS, IBCS postintervention · young children

Group‐based parent training programmes showed no clear difference in parent‐child interaction ‐ negative behaviour (observer report)… compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Group‐based parent training programmes vs control

Parent‐child interaction ‐ positive behaviour (observer report) Scales used: Attachment Q‐set, DPICS postintervention · young children

Group‐based parent training programmes probably leads to higher parent‐child interaction ‐ positive behaviour (observer report)… compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Cessation: Behavioural reduction advice vs health mailings · Smokers who cannot or do not want to quit smoking

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes cessation: Behavioural reduction advice vs health mailings (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Training vs no intervention

Properly fitting RPE at 6 months · healthcare workers

It is very uncertain whether training changes properly fitting RPE at 6 months compared with no intervention (very low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Tricyclic antidepressants vs behavioural interventions

Number not achieving 14 consecutive dry nights at the end of treatment ‐ amitriptyline vs placebo · children with nocturnal enuresis

It is very uncertain whether tricyclics changes number not achieving 14 consecutive dry nights at the end of… compared with behavioural interventions (very low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Tricyclic antidepressants vs behavioural interventions

Number not achieving 14 consecutive dry nights at the end of treatment ‐ imipramine vs 3 step therapy (reassurance, retention control training + wakening, parental involvement) · children with nocturnal enuresis

Tricyclics may leads to higher number not achieving 14 consecutive dry nights at the end of… compared with behavioural interventions (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Tricyclic antidepressants vs behavioural interventions

Number not achieving 14 consecutive dry nights at the end of treatment ‐ imipramine vs 3 step therapy + motivation/counselling + education · children with nocturnal enuresis

Tricyclics may leads to higher number not achieving 14 consecutive dry nights at the end of… compared with behavioural interventions (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Tricyclic antidepressants vs behavioural interventions

Number not achieving 14 consecutive dry nights or relapsing at · children with nocturnal enuresis

It is very uncertain whether tricyclics changes number not achieving 14 consecutive dry nights or relapsing at compared with behavioural interventions (very low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review