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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

3,535 questions · 3,601 findings · 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth

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No studies found 726 · 20.2%GRADE not reported 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%

Intervention not reported

Preterm prelabour rupture of membranes · All pregnant women receiving either vitamin C supplementation or control either in areas where there is inadequate dietary intake or where…

The intervention showed no clear difference in preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Clinical pre‐eclampsia · All pregnant women receiving either vitamin C supplementation or control either in areas where there is inadequate dietary intake or where…

The intervention showed no clear difference in clinical pre‐eclampsia (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Placental abruption · All pregnant women receiving either vitamin C supplementation or control either in areas where there is inadequate dietary intake or where…

The intervention leads to lower placental abruption (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any supplements containing iron vs same supplements without iron or no treatment/placebo (no iron or placebo)

Low birthweight · pregnant women

(Infant outcomes) Any supplements containing iron showed no clear difference in low birthweight (less than 2500 g) (ALL) compared with same supplements without iron or no treatment/placebo (no iron or… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any supplements containing iron vs same supplements without iron or no treatment/placebo (no iron or placebo)

Maternal severe anaemia at any time during 2nd or 3rd trimester (Hb less than 70 g/L) · pregnant women

It is very uncertain whether (Maternal outcomes) Any supplements containing iron changes maternal severe anaemia at any time during second and third… compared with same supplements without iron or no treatment/placebo (no iron or… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any supplements containing iron vs same supplements without iron or no treatment/placebo (no iron or placebo)

Infection during pregnancy (including urinary tract infections and others) (ALL) · pregnant women

(Maternal outcomes) Any supplements containing iron showed no clear difference in infection during pregnancy (including urinary tract infections) (ALL) compared with same supplements without iron or no treatment/placebo (no iron or… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any supplements containing iron and folic acid vs same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid or placebo)

Low birthweight · pregnant women

(Infant outcomes) Any supplements containing iron and folic acid showed no clear difference in low birthweight (less than 2500 g) (ALL) compared with same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any supplements containing iron and folic acid vs same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid or placebo)

Preterm birth · pregnant women

(Infant outcomes) Any supplements containing iron and folic acid showed no clear difference in preterm birth (less than 37 weeks of gestation) (ALL) compared with same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any supplements containing iron and folic acid vs same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid or placebo)

Neonatal death (death within the first 28 days of life) · pregnant women

(Infant outcomes) Any supplements containing iron and folic acid showed no clear difference in neonatal death (within 28 days after delivery) (ALL) compared with same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any supplements containing iron and folic acid vs same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid or placebo)

Any congenital anomalies · pregnant women

(Infant outcomes) Any supplements containing iron and folic acid showed no clear difference in congenital anomalies (ALL) compared with same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any supplements containing iron and folic acid vs same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid or placebo)

Maternal anaemia at term (Hb less than 110 g/L at 37 weeks' gestation or more) (ALL) · pregnant women

(Maternal outcomes) Any supplements containing iron and folic acid probably leads to lower maternal anaemia at term (Hb less than 110 g/L at 37 weeks'… compared with same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid… (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any supplements containing iron and folic acid vs same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid or placebo)

Iron deficiency at term (as defined by trialists, based on any indicator of iron status at 37 wk gestation or more) · pregnant women

(Maternal outcomes) Any supplements containing iron and folic acid may leads to lower maternal iron deficiency at term (as defined by trialists, based on… compared with same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any supplements containing iron and folic acid vs same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid or placebo)

Side effects (any reported throughout the intervention period) (ALL) · pregnant women

(Maternal outcomes) Any supplements containing iron and folic acid probably leads to higher side effects (any reported throughout the intervention period) (ALL) compared with same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid… (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review