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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
775 questions in 58 reviews · Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma
current versionsNo studies 166 · 21.4%Ungraded 24 · 3.1%Very low 356 · 45.9%Low 162 · 20.9%Moderate 47 · 6.1%High 20 · 2.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Summary of findings: whole‐body cryotherapy (WBC) vs control (no WBC or passive rest) Muscle soreness: pain at rest (VAS) · physically‐active adults partaking in exercise designed to produce delayed onset muscle soreness (most trial… Whole‐body cryotherapy (extreme cold air exposure) for preventing and treating muscle soreness after… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 38 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: whole‐body cryotherapy (WBC) vs control (no WBC or passive rest) Muscle soreness: pain at rest (VAS) · physically‐active adults partaking in exercise designed to produce delayed onset muscle soreness (most trial… Whole‐body cryotherapy (extreme cold air exposure) for preventing and treating muscle soreness after… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 29 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: whole‐body cryotherapy (WBC) vs control (no WBC or passive rest) Tiredness (0 [no tiredness] to 100 [maximum tiredness]) · physically‐active adults partaking in exercise designed to produce delayed onset muscle soreness (most trial… Whole‐body cryotherapy (extreme cold air exposure) for preventing and treating muscle soreness after… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 9 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: whole‐body cryotherapy (WBC) vs control (no WBC or passive rest) Well‐being (0 [worst well‐being] to 100 [optimal well‐being]) · physically‐active adults partaking in exercise designed to produce delayed onset muscle soreness (most trial… Whole‐body cryotherapy (extreme cold air exposure) for preventing and treating muscle soreness after… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 9 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: whole‐body cryotherapy (WBC) vs control (no WBC or passive rest) Adverse events · physically‐active adults partaking in exercise designed to produce delayed onset muscle soreness (most trial… Whole‐body cryotherapy (extreme cold air exposure) for preventing and treating muscle soreness after… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: Injection therapies vs placebo or no injection control VISA‐A (score 0 to 100; 100 = no problems) At 6 weeks · individuals with an investigator‐reported diagnosis of Achilles tendinopathy (or related terminology, e.g.… Injection therapies for Achilles tendinopathy (2015) · Cochrane | MD 0.79 | 5 studies · 200 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: Injection therapies vs placebo or no injection control VISA‐A (score 0 to 100; 100 = no problems) At 3 months · individuals with an investigator‐reported diagnosis of Achilles tendinopathy (or related terminology, e.g.… Injection therapies for Achilles tendinopathy (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 189 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: Injection therapies vs placebo or no injection control VISA‐A (score 0 to 100; 100 = no problems) After 3 months (6 to 12 months) · individuals with an investigator‐reported diagnosis of Achilles tendinopathy (or related terminology, e.g.… Injection therapies for Achilles tendinopathy (2015) · Cochrane | MD 0.14 | 3 studies · 132 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: Injection therapies vs placebo or no injection control Adverse events At final · individuals with an investigator‐reported diagnosis of Achilles tendinopathy (or related terminology, e.g.… Injection therapies for Achilles tendinopathy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.5, 1.89] | 13 studies · 449 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: Injection therapies vs placebo or no injection control Pain (VAS; score 0 to 100; 0 = no pain) · individuals with an investigator‐reported diagnosis of Achilles tendinopathy (or related terminology, e.g.… Injection therapies for Achilles tendinopathy (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 219 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: Injection therapies vs placebo or no injection control Return to sports At final · individuals with an investigator‐reported diagnosis of Achilles tendinopathy (or related terminology, e.g.… Injection therapies for Achilles tendinopathy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.39 [1, 1.94] | 7 studies · 335 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: Injection therapies vs placebo or no injection control Patient satisfaction (number of participants satisfied with their treatment) At final · individuals with an investigator‐reported diagnosis of Achilles tendinopathy (or related terminology, e.g.… Injection therapies for Achilles tendinopathy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.76, 1.47] | 4 studies · 152 participants | Very low |
Vitamin D [D2, D3 or 25(OH)D] plus calcium vs control or placebo Persons sustaining new hip fracture (1 year estimate) · post‐menopausal women and older people at risk of osteoporotic fractures Vitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures in post‐menopausal women and older men (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.74, 0.96] | 9 studies · 49853 participants | High |
Vitamin D [D2, D3 or 25(OH)D] plus calcium vs control or placebo Persons sustaining new non‐vertebral fracture (1 year estimate) · post‐menopausal women and older people at risk of osteoporotic fractures Vitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures in post‐menopausal women and older men (2014) · Cochrane | 0.86 [0.78, 0.96] | 8 studies · 10380 participants | High |
Vitamin D [D2, D3 or 25(OH)D] plus calcium vs control or placebo Persons sustaining new vertebral fracture or deformity (1 year estimate) · post‐menopausal women and older people at risk of osteoporotic fractures Vitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures in post‐menopausal women and older men (2014) · Cochrane | 0.89 [0.74, 1.09] | 4 studies · 42185 participants | Moderate |
Vitamin D [D2, D3 or 25(OH)D] plus calcium vs control or placebo Persons sustaining any new fracture (1 year estimate) · post‐menopausal women and older people at risk of osteoporotic fractures Vitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures in post‐menopausal women and older men (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.9, 0.99] | 10 studies · 49976 participants | High |
Vitamin D [D2, D3 or 25(OH)D] plus calcium vs control or placebo Persons with hypercalcaemia ‐ Vitamin D (D2, D3 or 25(OH)D) plus calcium (1 year estimate) · post‐menopausal women and older people at risk of osteoporotic fractures Vitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures in post‐menopausal women and older men (2014) · Cochrane | RR 3.29 [0.37, 29.14] | 2 studies · 3853 participants | Low |
Vitamin D [D2, D3 or 25(OH)D] plus calcium vs control or placebo Persons with renal disease (calculi or insufficiency) ‐ Vitamin D (D2, D3 or 25(OH)D) plus calcium (1 year estimate) · post‐menopausal women and older people at risk of osteoporotic fractures Vitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures in post‐menopausal women and older men (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.17 [1.03, 1.34] | 2 studies · 39552 participants | High |
Vitamin D [D2, D3 or 25(OH)D] plus calcium vs control or placebo Deaths ‐ Vitamin D (D2, D3, 25(OH)D) plus calcium (1 year estimate) · post‐menopausal women and older people at risk of osteoporotic fractures Vitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures in post‐menopausal women and older men (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.87, 1.02] | 6 studies · 46794 participants | High |
Intervention NR Hip fractures at 1 year older people living in the community · older people Hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in older people (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.15 [0.84, 1.58] | 5 studies · 5614 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Hip fractures at 1 year older people living in institutions · older people Hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in older people (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.67, 1] | 14 studies · 11808 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Pelvic fractures at 1 year · older people Hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in older people (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.27 [0.78, 2.08] | 9 studies · 12408 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Other fractures at 1 year (excluding pelvis) · older people Hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in older people (2014) · Cochrane | Rate Ratio 0.87 [0.71, 1.07] | 6 studies · 7671 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Number of falls per 1000 people at 1 year · older people Hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in older people (2014) · Cochrane | Rate Ratio 1.02 [0.9, 1.16] | 16 studies · 11204 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Adverse events: skin irritation · older people Hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in older people (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 12 studies · 6600 participants | High |
Intervention NR Adherence/compliance wearing hip protectors · older people Hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in older people (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 19 studies · 8000 participants | Low |
Computer‐assisted reconstruction surgery vs conventional operating techniques Functional status at 2 years or more: subjective IKDC score (score 0 to 100: best function) · People, primarily adults, undergoing ACL reconstruction surgery Computer‐assisted surgery for knee ligament reconstruction (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 120 participants | Moderate |
Computer‐assisted reconstruction surgery vs conventional operating techniques Functional status at 2 years or more: Lysholm score (score 0 to 100: best function) · People, primarily adults, undergoing ACL reconstruction surgery Computer‐assisted surgery for knee ligament reconstruction (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 120 participants | Low |
Computer‐assisted reconstruction surgery vs conventional operating techniques Functional status at 2 years or more: Tegner activity score (score 0 to 10: highest activity) · People, primarily adults, undergoing ACL reconstruction surgery Computer‐assisted surgery for knee ligament reconstruction (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
Computer‐assisted reconstruction surgery vs conventional operating techniques IKDC knee examination grade normal (grade A) or nearly normal (grade B) ‐ Intermediate/long‐term · People, primarily adults, undergoing ACL reconstruction surgery Computer‐assisted surgery for knee ligament reconstruction (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.96, 1.06] | 3 studies · 173 participants | Low |
Computer‐assisted reconstruction surgery vs conventional operating techniques Adverse post‐surgical events · People, primarily adults, undergoing ACL reconstruction surgery Computer‐assisted surgery for knee ligament reconstruction (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 140 participants | Ungraded |
Anterior vs posterior surgical approaches Final post‐surgical neurological status NASS (North American Spine Society) scores. Scale from: 0 to 100 (higher scores indicate better neurological function). · adults with cervical spine facet dislocations Surgical approaches for cervical spine facet dislocations in adults (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 33 participants | Very low |
Anterior vs posterior surgical approaches Functional aspects and quality of life ‐ SF‐36 physical scores SF‐36. Scale from: 0 to 100 (higher scores indicate better quality of life). · adults with cervical spine facet dislocations Surgical approaches for cervical spine facet dislocations in adults (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 33 participants | Very low |
Anterior vs posterior surgical approaches Emotional aspects and quality of life ‐ SF‐36 mental scores SF‐36. Scale from: 0 to 100 (higher scores indicate better quality of life). · adults with cervical spine facet dislocations Surgical approaches for cervical spine facet dislocations in adults (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 33 participants | Very low |
Anterior vs posterior surgical approaches Pain North Americal Spine Society pain scores. Scale from: 0 to 100 (higher scores indicate less pain). · adults with cervical spine facet dislocations Surgical approaches for cervical spine facet dislocations in adults (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 33 participants | Very low |
Anterior vs posterior surgical approaches Non‐fusion at · adults with cervical spine facet dislocations Surgical approaches for cervical spine facet dislocations in adults (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.18 [0.04, 34.91] | 2 studies · 84 participants | Very low |
Anterior vs posterior surgical approaches Sagittal alignment Scale from: ‐20 to 20 degrees. · adults with cervical spine facet dislocations Surgical approaches for cervical spine facet dislocations in adults (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 36 participants | Very low |
Anterior vs posterior surgical approaches Complications Number of events · adults with cervical spine facet dislocations Surgical approaches for cervical spine facet dislocations in adults (2014) · Cochrane | RR 25.19 [1.58, 401.58] | 1 study · 42 participants | Very low |
Surgical interventions vs conservative interventions Functional outcomes · Children and adolescents with femoral shaft fractures Interventions for treating femoral shaft fractures in children and adolescents (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 101 participants | Low |
Surgical interventions vs conservative interventions Unacceptable malunion Assessed by imaging · Children and adolescents with femoral shaft fractures Interventions for treating femoral shaft fractures in children and adolescents (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.29 [0.15, 0.59] | 4 studies · 264 participants | Moderate |
Surgical interventions vs conservative interventions Serious adverse events · Children and adolescents with femoral shaft fractures Interventions for treating femoral shaft fractures in children and adolescents (2014) · Cochrane | RR 2.39 [1.1, 5.17] | 4 studies · 264 participants | Low |
Surgical interventions vs conservative interventions Time to return to usual activities⁶(time to return to school) · Children and adolescents with femoral shaft fractures Interventions for treating femoral shaft fractures in children and adolescents (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 46 participants | Low |
Surgical interventions vs conservative interventions Child satisfaction Assessed by an ordinal rating scale (11 points): very unhappy to very happy · Children and adolescents with femoral shaft fractures Interventions for treating femoral shaft fractures in children and adolescents (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 101 participants | Low |
Surgical interventions vs conservative interventions Parent satisfaction Rated as excellent or good · Children and adolescents with femoral shaft fractures Interventions for treating femoral shaft fractures in children and adolescents (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.34 [1.05, 1.73] | 1 study · 46 participants | Low |
Surgical interventions vs conservative interventions Resource use and other costs · Children and adolescents with femoral shaft fractures Interventions for treating femoral shaft fractures in children and adolescents (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Fear of falling3 Immediately post intervention · older people living in the community Exercise for reducing fear of falling in older people living in the community (2014) · Cochrane | SMD 0.37 [0.18, 0.56] | 24 studies · 1692 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Fear of falling < 6 months · older people living in the community Exercise for reducing fear of falling in older people living in the community (2014) · Cochrane | SMD 0.17 | 4 studies · 356 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Occurrence of at least 1 fall · older people living in the community Exercise for reducing fear of falling in older people living in the community (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.74, 0.98] | 9 studies · 1113 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Depressive symptoms10 · older people living in the community Exercise for reducing fear of falling in older people living in the community (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 406 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Anxiety · older people living in the community Exercise for reducing fear of falling in older people living in the community (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 77 participants | Very low |