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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,325 questions in 216 reviews · Airways
current versionsNo studies 249 · 10.7%Ungraded 107 · 4.6%Very low 276 · 11.9%Low 751 · 32.3%Moderate 718 · 30.9%High 224 · 9.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Breathing exercises vs inactive control Days off work · adults with asthma Breathing exercises for adults with asthma (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors vs placebo Change in FEV₁ · people with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 29 studies · 20815 participants | Moderate |
Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors vs placebo Change in FVC · people with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 17 studies · 22108 participants | High |
Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors vs placebo Change in PEF · people with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 4245 participants | Low |
Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors vs placebo Change in SGRQ total score · people with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 12 studies · 7645 participants | Moderate |
Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors vs placebo Number of participants with 1 or more exacerbations · people with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2020) · Cochrane | OR 0.78 [0.73, 0.84] | 27 studies · 20382 participants | High |
Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors vs placebo Number of participants experiencing an adverse event · people with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2020) · Cochrane | OR 1.3 [1.22, 1.38] | 30 studies · 21310 participants | Low |
Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors vs placebo Gastrointestinal adverse effects: diarrhoea · people with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2020) · Cochrane | OR 3.1 [2.74, 3.5] | 29 studies · 20623 participants | High |
Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors vs placebo Psychiatric adverse effects (roflumilast 500 µg) · people with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2020) · Cochrane | OR 2.13 [1.79, 2.54] | 14 studies · 11168 participants | Moderate |
Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors vs placebo Mortality · people with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2020) · Cochrane | OR 0.98 [0.77, 1.24] | 27 studies · 19786 participants | Moderate |
Titrated oxygen therapy vs high‐flow oxygen therapy Mortality (respiratory‐ related and all‐cause · adults with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Oxygen therapy in the pre‐hospital setting for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.22 [0.05, 0.97] | 1 study · 214 participants | Low |
Titrated oxygen therapy vs high‐flow oxygen therapy Arterial blood gas (pH) · adults with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Oxygen therapy in the pre‐hospital setting for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 214 participants | Low |
Titrated oxygen therapy vs high‐flow oxygen therapy Ventilation of any type · adults with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Oxygen therapy in the pre‐hospital setting for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.67 [0.29, 1.55] | 1 study · 189 participants | Low |
Titrated oxygen therapy vs high‐flow oxygen therapy Length of hospital stay · adults with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Oxygen therapy in the pre‐hospital setting for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 214 participants | Low |
Titrated oxygen therapy vs high‐flow oxygen therapy Quality of life ‐ not measured · adults with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Oxygen therapy in the pre‐hospital setting for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Titrated oxygen therapy vs high‐flow oxygen therapy Lung function ‐ not measured · adults with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Oxygen therapy in the pre‐hospital setting for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Titrated oxygen therapy vs high‐flow oxygen therapy Dyspnoea score ‐ not measured · adults with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Oxygen therapy in the pre‐hospital setting for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Corticosteroids vs placebo AHI (number of breathing pauses and episodes of shallow breathing per hour of sleep time) · obstructive sleep apnoea in children Anti‐inflammatory medications for obstructive sleep apnoea in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 75 participants | Low |
Montelukast vs placebo Serious adverse events (N experiencing event) · obstructive sleep apnoea in children Anti‐inflammatory medications for obstructive sleep apnoea in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Corticosteroids vs placebo Desaturation index (number of times per hour of sleep time that the blood's O₂ level drops by a certain proportion from baseline) · obstructive sleep apnoea in children Anti‐inflammatory medications for obstructive sleep apnoea in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 75 participants | Moderate |
Corticosteroids vs placebo Respiratory arousal index (number of times per hour of sleep time that an increased respiratory effort without a decrease in oxygen saturation is recorded) · obstructive sleep apnoea in children Anti‐inflammatory medications for obstructive sleep apnoea in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 75 participants | Low |
Corticosteroids vs placebo Nadir SpO₂ (lowest SpO₂ during sleep) · obstructive sleep apnoea in children Anti‐inflammatory medications for obstructive sleep apnoea in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 75 participants | Moderate |
Corticosteroids vs placebo Serious adverse events (N experiencing events) · obstructive sleep apnoea in children Anti‐inflammatory medications for obstructive sleep apnoea in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Montelukast vs placebo AHI (number of breathing pauses and episodes of shallow breathing per hour of sleep time) · obstructive sleep apnoea in children Anti‐inflammatory medications for obstructive sleep apnoea in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 103 participants | Moderate |
Montelukast vs placebo Desaturation index (number of times per hour of sleep time that the blood's O₂ level drops by a certain proportion from baseline) · obstructive sleep apnoea in children Anti‐inflammatory medications for obstructive sleep apnoea in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 103 participants | Low |
Montelukast vs placebo Respiratory arousal index (number of times per hour of sleep time that an increased respiratory effort without a decrease in oxygen saturation is recorded) · obstructive sleep apnoea in children Anti‐inflammatory medications for obstructive sleep apnoea in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 103 participants | Moderate |
Montelukast vs placebo Nadir SpO₂ (lowest SpO₂ during sleep) · obstructive sleep apnoea in children Anti‐inflammatory medications for obstructive sleep apnoea in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 103 participants | High |
Educational intervention vs control 1.1 CPAP device usage (hours/night) · adults with obstructive sleep apnoea Educational, supportive and behavioural interventions to improve usage of continuous positive airway… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 1128 participants | Very low |
Supportive intervention vs control 2.5.2 ESS: Comparison Endpoint or Change from Baseline Values ‐ ESS: Change from Baseline · adults with obstructive sleep apnoea Educational, supportive and behavioural interventions to improve usage of continuous positive airway… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 470 participants | Low |
Supportive intervention vs control 2.7 Quality of lIfe: Comparison of Change from Baseline Values · adults with obstructive sleep apnoea Educational, supportive and behavioural interventions to improve usage of continuous positive airway… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 294 participants | Very low |
Behavioural intervention vs control 3.1 CPAP Device Usage (hours/night) · adults with obstructive sleep apnoea Educational, supportive and behavioural interventions to improve usage of continuous positive airway… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 578 participants | High |
Behavioural intervention vs control 3.2 CPAP Device Usage, sensitivity analysis: adherence in control group < four hours/night · adults with obstructive sleep apnoea Educational, supportive and behavioural interventions to improve usage of continuous positive airway… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 525 participants | Moderate |
Behavioural intervention vs control 3.3 N deemed adherent (≥ four hours/night) · adults with obstructive sleep apnoea Educational, supportive and behavioural interventions to improve usage of continuous positive airway… (2020) · Cochrane | OR 1.7 [1.2, 2.41] | 6 studies · 549 participants | High |
Behavioural intervention vs control 3.4 Withdrawal · adults with obstructive sleep apnoea Educational, supportive and behavioural interventions to improve usage of continuous positive airway… (2020) · Cochrane | OR 0.66 [0.44, 0.98] | 10 studies · 939 participants | High |
Behavioural intervention vs control 3.5 ESS (Endpoint scores) · adults with obstructive sleep apnoea Educational, supportive and behavioural interventions to improve usage of continuous positive airway… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 271 participants | Low |
Behavioural intervention vs control 3.6 AHI on treatment ‐ Endpoint · adults with obstructive sleep apnoea Educational, supportive and behavioural interventions to improve usage of continuous positive airway… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 89 participants | Very low |
Behavioural intervention vs control 3.7 Quality of Life ‐ Comparison of Values at Endpoint · adults with obstructive sleep apnoea Educational, supportive and behavioural interventions to improve usage of continuous positive airway… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 228 participants | Moderate |
Behavioural intervention vs control 3.7.1 Quality of Life ‐ Comparison of Values at Endpoint ‐ QoL: FOSQ ‐ Endpoint · adults with obstructive sleep apnoea Educational, supportive and behavioural interventions to improve usage of continuous positive airway… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 200 participants | Ungraded |
Educational intervention vs control 1.2 CPAP device usage (hours/night), sensitivity analysis: adherence in control group < four hours/night · adults with obstructive sleep apnoea Educational, supportive and behavioural interventions to improve usage of continuous positive airway… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 698 participants | Very low |
Mixed (BEH/EDU/SUP) intervention vs control 4.1 CPAP Device Usage (hours/night) · adults with obstructive sleep apnoea Educational, supportive and behavioural interventions to improve usage of continuous positive airway… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 4509 participants | Very low |
Mixed (BEH/EDU/SUP) intervention vs control 4.2 CPAP Device Usage, sensitivity analysis: adherence in control group < four hours/night · adults with obstructive sleep apnoea Educational, supportive and behavioural interventions to improve usage of continuous positive airway… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 343 participants | Very low |
Mixed (BEH/EDU/SUP) intervention vs control 4.3 N deemed adherent (≥ four hours/night) · adults with obstructive sleep apnoea Educational, supportive and behavioural interventions to improve usage of continuous positive airway… (2020) · Cochrane | OR 1.71 [1.08, 2.72] | 9 studies · 4015 participants | Very low |
Mixed (BEH/EDU/SUP) intervention vs control 4.4 Withdrawal · adults with obstructive sleep apnoea Educational, supportive and behavioural interventions to improve usage of continuous positive airway… (2020) · Cochrane | OR 0.61 [0.28, 1.3] | 11 studies · 4956 participants | Very low |
Mixed (BEH/EDU/SUP) intervention vs control 4.5 Quality of LIfe: Comparison of Change from Baseline Values · adults with obstructive sleep apnoea Educational, supportive and behavioural interventions to improve usage of continuous positive airway… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 3012 participants | Low |
Mixed (BEH/EDU/SUP) intervention vs control 4.7 Anxiety Symptom Rating ‐ Comparison of Values at Endpoint · adults with obstructive sleep apnoea Educational, supportive and behavioural interventions to improve usage of continuous positive airway… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 333 participants | Very low |
Educational intervention vs control 1.3 N deemed adherent (≥ four hours/night) · adults with obstructive sleep apnoea Educational, supportive and behavioural interventions to improve usage of continuous positive airway… (2020) · Cochrane | OR 2.58 [1.5, 4.44] | 7 studies · 1019 participants | Very low |
Educational intervention vs control 1.4 Withdrawal ‐ NO META‐ANALYSIS PERFORMED · adults with obstructive sleep apnoea Educational, supportive and behavioural interventions to improve usage of continuous positive airway… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 1745 participants | Ungraded |
Educational intervention vs control 1.5 ESS ‐ Comparison of values at endpoint‐ NO META‐ANALYSIS PERFORMED · adults with obstructive sleep apnoea Educational, supportive and behavioural interventions to improve usage of continuous positive airway… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 355 participants | Ungraded |
Supportive intervention vs control 2.1 CPAP device usage (hours/night) · adults with obstructive sleep apnoea Educational, supportive and behavioural interventions to improve usage of continuous positive airway… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 13 studies · 1426 participants | Moderate |
Supportive intervention vs control 2.2 CPAP device usage, sensitivity analysis: adherence in control group < four hours/night · adults with obstructive sleep apnoea Educational, supportive and behavioural interventions to improve usage of continuous positive airway… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 735 participants | High |