Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

2,087 questions · 2,360 findings · 390 reviews

No studies found 224 · 9.5%GRADE not reported 603 · 25.6%Very low 555 · 23.5%Low 548 · 23.2%Moderate 312 · 13.2%High 118 · 5%

Any early psychological intervention vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist)

Diagnosis of PTSD after treatment · various

It is very uncertain whether any early psychological intervention changes PTSD diagnosis: post‐treatment compared with waiting list/usual care (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any early psychological intervention vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist)

PTSD diagnosis · various

Any early psychological intervention may leads to lower PTSD diagnosis: 3–6 months compared with waiting list/usual care (low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Early initiation of epidural analgesia vs Late initiation

Caesarean section · pregnant women (at term) requesting epidural analgesia in labour (regardless of whether the labour was spontaneous or induced)

Early initiation of epidural analgesia showed no clear difference in caesarean section compared with late initiation (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Early initiation of epidural analgesia vs Late initiation

Instrumental delivery · pregnant women (at term) requesting epidural analgesia in labour (regardless of whether the labour was spontaneous or induced)

Early initiation of epidural analgesia showed no clear difference in instrumental delivery compared with late initiation (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Early initiation of epidural analgesia vs Late initiation

Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes · pregnant women (at term) requesting epidural analgesia in labour (regardless of whether the labour was spontaneous or induced)

Early initiation of epidural analgesia showed no clear difference in apgar score <7 at 5 min compared with late initiation (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review