Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
75,239 questions in 5,342 reviews
current versionsNo studies 15,213 · 20.2%Ungraded 10,323 · 13.7%Very low 17,528 · 23.3%Low 17,951 · 23.9%Moderate 11,190 · 14.9%High 3,034 · 4%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
ZOTEPINE vs RISPERIDONE Adverse effects: Extrapyramidal effects ‐ use of antiparkinson medication ‐ vs 4mg risperidone · patients with schizophrenia Zotepine versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia (2010) · Cochrane | RR 6 [0.79, 45.42] | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
ZOTEPINE vs RISPERIDONE Adverse effects: Extrapyramidal effects ‐ use of antiparkinson medication ‐ vs 8mg risperidone · patients with schizophrenia Zotepine versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia (2010) · Cochrane | RR 3 [0.69, 13.12] | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
SWITCHING ‐ NEW ANTIPSYCHOTIC REGIMEN vs CONTINUATION ON PREVIOUS REGIMEN: 1a. DIFFERENT DEPOT from DEPOT‐medium term (3‐12 months) Weight: Body weight (kg) ‐ switching to haloperidol decanoate from fluphenazine decanoate · patients with people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic problems Antipsychotic switching for people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic… (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 19 participants | Low |
SWITCHING ‐ NEW ANTIPSYCHOTIC REGIMEN vs CONTINUATION ON PREVIOUS REGIMEN: 1b. NEW ATYPICAL from OLANZAPINE ‐ medium term (3‐12 months) Weight: 2a. BMI ‐ Increase · patients with people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic problems Antipsychotic switching for people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic… (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.28 [0.13, 0.57] | 1 study · 173 participants | Very low |
SWITCHING ‐ NEW ANTIPSYCHOTIC REGIMEN vs CONTINUATION ON PREVIOUS REGIMEN: 1b. NEW ATYPICAL from OLANZAPINE ‐ medium term (3‐12 months) Physiological measures: 1c. Average fasting glucose change ‐ switching to aripiprazole and quetiapine · patients with people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic problems Antipsychotic switching for people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic… (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 280 participants | Low |
SWITCHING ‐ NEW ANTIPSYCHOTIC REGIMEN vs CONTINUATION ON PREVIOUS REGIMEN: 1b. NEW ATYPICAL from OLANZAPINE ‐ medium term (3‐12 months) Global state: Relapse · patients with people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic problems Antipsychotic switching for people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic… (2010) · Cochrane | RR 1.31 [0.55, 3.11] | 1 study · 133 participants | Low |
SWITCHING ‐ NEW ANTIPSYCHOTIC REGIMEN vs CONTINUATION ON PREVIOUS REGIMEN: 1b. NEW ATYPICAL from OLANZAPINE ‐ medium term (3‐12 months) Adverse events: 1a. Serious adverse event ‐ switching to aripiprazole · patients with people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic problems Antipsychotic switching for people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic… (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.24, 1.71] | 1 study · 172 participants | Low |
SWITCHING ‐ NEW ANTIPSYCHOTIC REGIMEN vs CONTINUATION ON PREVIOUS REGIMEN: 1b. NEW ATYPICAL from OLANZAPINE ‐ medium term (3‐12 months) Satisfaction with care: Loss to · patients with people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic problems Antipsychotic switching for people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic… (2010) · Cochrane | RR 1.4 [0.89, 2.21] | 1 study · 173 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Weight: Gain‐more than or equal to 7% from baseline · patients with people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic problems Antipsychotic switching for people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic… (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.61 [0.15, 2.47] | 1 study · 207 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Weight: BMI not improved · patients with people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic problems Antipsychotic switching for people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic… (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Physiological measure: Metabolic syndrome · patients with people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic problems Antipsychotic switching for people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic… (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Global state: Average change (CGI‐I, high=good) · patients with people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic problems Antipsychotic switching for people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic… (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 203 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Mental state: Average change (PANSS, high decline=good) · patients with people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic problems Antipsychotic switching for people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic… (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 198 participants | Low |
SWITCHING ‐ NEW ANTIPSYCHOTIC REGIMEN vs CONTINUATION ON PREVIOUS REGIMEN: 1a. DIFFERENT DEPOT from DEPOT‐medium term (3‐12 months) Weight: BMI not improved · patients with people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic problems Antipsychotic switching for people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic… (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 3 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Adverse events: Any event · patients with people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic problems Antipsychotic switching for people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic… (2010) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.91, 1.1] | 1 study · 207 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Satisfaction with care: Loss to · patients with people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic problems Antipsychotic switching for people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic… (2010) · Cochrane | RR 4 [0.45, 35.19] | 1 study · 208 participants | Very low |
SWITCHING ‐ NEW ANTIPSYCHOTIC REGIMEN vs CONTINUATION ON PREVIOUS REGIMEN: 1a. DIFFERENT DEPOT from DEPOT‐medium term (3‐12 months) Physiological measure: Metabolic syndrome · patients with people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic problems Antipsychotic switching for people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic… (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 3 participants | Ungraded |
SWITCHING ‐ NEW ANTIPSYCHOTIC REGIMEN vs CONTINUATION ON PREVIOUS REGIMEN: 1a. DIFFERENT DEPOT from DEPOT‐medium term (3‐12 months) Global state: Changing dose because of deterioration ‐ switching to haloperidol decanoate from fluphenazine decanoate · patients with people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic problems Antipsychotic switching for people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic… (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.18 [0.01, 3.35] | 1 study · 19 participants | Low |
SWITCHING ‐ NEW ANTIPSYCHOTIC REGIMEN vs CONTINUATION ON PREVIOUS REGIMEN: 1a. DIFFERENT DEPOT from DEPOT‐medium term (3‐12 months) Mental state: Deteriorated ‐ switching to haloperidol decanoate from fluphenazine decanoate · patients with people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic problems Antipsychotic switching for people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic… (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.18 [0.01, 3.35] | 1 study · 19 participants | Low |
SWITCHING ‐ NEW ANTIPSYCHOTIC REGIMEN vs CONTINUATION ON PREVIOUS REGIMEN: 1a. DIFFERENT DEPOT from DEPOT‐medium term (3‐12 months) Adverse effects: serious · patients with people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic problems Antipsychotic switching for people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic… (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 3 participants | Ungraded |
SWITCHING ‐ NEW ANTIPSYCHOTIC REGIMEN vs CONTINUATION ON PREVIOUS REGIMEN: 1a. DIFFERENT DEPOT from DEPOT‐medium term (3‐12 months) Satisfaction with care: Loss to · patients with people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic problems Antipsychotic switching for people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic… (2010) · Cochrane | RR 4.55 [0.25, 83.7] | 1 study · 19 participants | Very low |
SWITCHING ‐ NEW ANTIPSYCHOTIC REGIMEN vs CONTINUATION ON PREVIOUS REGIMEN: 1b. NEW ATYPICAL from OLANZAPINE ‐ medium term (3‐12 months) Weight: 1. Body weight (kg) · patients with people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic problems Antipsychotic switching for people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic… (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 287 participants | Low |
SWITCHING ‐ NEW ANTIPSYCHOTIC REGIMEN vs CONTINUATION ON PREVIOUS REGIMEN: 1b. NEW ATYPICAL from OLANZAPINE ‐ medium term (3‐12 months) Weight: 1. Body weight (kg) ‐ switching to aripiprazole · patients with people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic problems Antipsychotic switching for people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic… (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 158 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Patients with progression of the disease ( · patients with Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Interferon Beta for Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.55, 1.43] | 2 studies · 123 participants | High |
Intervention NR Patients with severe adverse event ( · patients with Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Interferon Beta for Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.33, 1.92] | 1 study · 73 participants | High |
Intervention NR Patients with any related adverse event ( · patients with Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Interferon Beta for Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (2010) · Cochrane | RR 1.9 [1.45, 2.48] | 2 studies · 123 participants | High |
Intervention NR Mean EDSS change at two years ( · patients with Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Interferon Beta for Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 73 participants | High |
Intervention NR Sustained increase in spasticity ( · patients with Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Interferon Beta for Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.56 [0.32, 1] | 1 study · 50 participants | High |
Psychostimulants vs placebo Fatigue score change Drug therapy for the management of cancer‐related fatigue (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 410 participants | High |
Intervention NR Wang 2006 Chuanxiong preparations for preventing stroke (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Zhou 1999 Chuanxiong preparations for preventing stroke (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 participants | Ungraded |
Antibiotic vs no drug or placebo Diarrhoea on · patients with Shigella dysentery Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.21 [0.09, 0.48] | 1 study · 73 participants | Very low |
Fluoroquinolones vs beta‐lactams Other adverse events clinical criteria · patients with Shigella dysentery Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery (2010) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.77, 1.39] | 4 studies · 570 participants | Very low |
Fluoroquinolones vs macrolides Diarrhoea on · patients with Shigella dysentery Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.24, 1.49] | 2 studies · 189 participants | Very low |
Fluoroquinolones vs macrolides Relapse ‐ not reported · patients with Shigella dysentery Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Fluoroquinolones vs macrolides Serious adverse events ‐ not reported · patients with Shigella dysentery Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Fluoroquinolones vs macrolides Other adverse events clinical criteria · patients with Shigella dysentery Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery (2010) · Cochrane | RR 1.33 [0.32, 5.56] | 1 study · 76 participants | Very low |
Cotrimoxazole vs beta‐lactams Diarrhoea on · patients with Shigella dysentery Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.59 [0.23, 1.49] | 2 studies · 89 participants | Very low |
Cotrimoxazole vs beta‐lactams Relapse ‐ not reported · patients with Shigella dysentery Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cotrimoxazole vs beta‐lactams Serious adverse events ‐ not reported · patients with Shigella dysentery Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cotrimoxazole vs beta‐lactams Other adverse events clinical criteria · patients with Shigella dysentery Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.27, 2.45] | 2 studies · 89 participants | Very low |
Cotrimoxazole vs fluoroquinolones (norfloxacin) Diarrhoea on · patients with Shigella dysentery Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Antibiotic vs no drug or placebo Diarrhoea on · patients with Shigella dysentery Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.3 [0.15, 0.59] | 1 study · 76 participants | Very low |
Cotrimoxazole vs fluoroquinolones (norfloxacin) Relapse ‐ not reported · patients with Shigella dysentery Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cotrimoxazole vs fluoroquinolones (norfloxacin) Serious adverse events ‐ not reported · patients with Shigella dysentery Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cotrimoxazole vs fluoroquinolones (norfloxacin) Other adverse events clinical criteria · patients with Shigella dysentery Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery (2010) · Cochrane | RR 2.82 [0.12, 66.62] | 1 study · 62 participants | Very low |
Cotrimoxazole vs furazolidone Diarrhoea on · patients with Shigella dysentery Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.27, 1.84] | 1 study · 101 participants | Very low |
Cotrimoxazole vs furazolidone Relapse ‐ not reported · patients with Shigella dysentery Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cotrimoxazole vs furazolidone Serious adverse events · patients with Shigella dysentery Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0 [0, 0] | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Cotrimoxazole vs furazolidone Other adverse events ‐ not reported · patients with Shigella dysentery Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |