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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Every word you type has to appear somewhere in the question, and the closest matches are ranked first.
75,239 questions in 5,342 reviews
current versionsNo studies 15,213 · 20.2%Ungraded 10,323 · 13.7%Very low 17,528 · 23.3%Low 17,951 · 23.9%Moderate 11,190 · 14.9%High 3,034 · 4%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy (IVRO) vs Sagittal split ramus osteotomy (SSRO) Stability of correction: vertical changes of B-point (1 week to 1 year) · Adults (16 years of age or older) with an Angle Class III malocclusion (prominent lower front teeth); people with… · 1 week to 1 year post-surgery Treatments for adults with prominent lower front teeth (2012) · Cochrane | MD 0.09 [-0.44, 0.62] | 1 study · 30 participants | Ungraded |
Sodium hypochlorite 5.25% with hydrogen peroxide 3% vs Normal saline Proportion of participants or samples with positive bacterial growth culture, up to 72 hours after the procedure · Patients aged 14 to 78 years with mature permanent teeth (fully formed roots), single or multi-rooted, with pulpal or… Irrigants for non‐surgical root canal treatment in mature permanent teeth (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Tetracycline suspension (250 mg, held in mouth 2 minutes then swallowed, four times daily for 5 days) vs Placebo Average number of new lesions per week · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and… · 5 days per outbreak Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) (2012) · Cochrane | MD -0.47 [-1.34, 0.40] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Sodium hypochlorite 1% with chlorhexidine 2% final rinse vs Sodium hypochlorite 1% with normal saline final rinse Proportion of participants with moderate to severe pain up to 6 hours after the procedure · Patients aged 14 to 78 years with mature permanent teeth (fully formed roots), single or multi-rooted, with pulpal or… Irrigants for non‐surgical root canal treatment in mature permanent teeth (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Fluocinonide in adhesive base vs Placebo Partial response (>33% improvement) · People with erosive oral lichen planus Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites (2012) · Cochrane | RR 3.00 [0.62, 14.62] | 1 study · 27 participants | Ungraded |
Adjunctive local antibiotic (8.5% doxycycline hyclate, Atridox) added to manual debridement vs Manual debridement with chlorhexidine (no antibiotic) Change in probing pocket depth (PPD) · People with at least one dental implant affected by peri-implantitis · 4 months (18 weeks) Interventions for replacing missing teeth: treatment of peri‐implantitis (2012) · Cochrane | MD 0.59 [0.39, 0.79] | 1 study · 28 participants | Ungraded |
One-to-one advice on sugar restriction: detailed information on the sugar content of foods, with instruction to refrain from sugar-containing foods between meals and to reduce sugar in main meals (6-week sugar restriction) vs No advice on sugar restriction Sugar intake frequency at main meals (mean number of intakes per day) · Adults with frequent sugar intake harbouring Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus in saliva (14 dental… · Follow-up at 3, 6 and 12 weeks One‐to‐one dietary interventions undertaken in a dental setting to change dietary behaviour (2012) · Cochrane | Table 5, mean (SD) intakes/day at main meals: intervention 2.8 (0.5) baseline, 0.7 (0.7) at 3 weeks, 0.8 (0.9) at 6 weeks, 2.3 (0.8) at 12 weeks; control 1.9 (1.1), 1.9 (1.2), 1.9 (1.1), 2.0 (0.9). Significant… | 1 study · 20 participants | Ungraded |
Clobetasol propionate ointment 0.05% vs 5% topical mesalazine gel in adhesive base Side-effects reported · People with erosive oral lichen planus Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites (2012) · Cochrane | Table 3 (Side-effects). Sardella 1998: no side-effects (there were no reported side-effects with topical mesalazine gel). | 1 study · 12 participants | Ungraded |
Intra-articular injection of sodium hyaluronate vs Intra-articular injection of corticosteroids (betamethasone) Reported pain (mm on VAS) · Adults (>18 years) with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) diagnosed by RDC/TMD or compatible criteria · 6 months Interventions for managing temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (2012) · Cochrane | MD -17.00 [-32.60, -1.40] | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Sodium hypochlorite 1% with chlorhexidine 2% final rinse vs Sodium hypochlorite 1% with normal saline final rinse Proportion of participants or samples with positive bacterial growth culture, up to 72 hours after the procedure · Patients aged 14 to 78 years with mature permanent teeth (fully formed roots), single or multi-rooted, with pulpal or… Irrigants for non‐surgical root canal treatment in mature permanent teeth (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.14 [0.02, 0.99] | 1 study · 24 participants | Ungraded |
One soft tissue correction/augmentation technique vs A different soft tissue correction/augmentation technique Outcome NR · Patients receiving dental implants Interventions for replacing missing teeth: management of soft tissues for dental implants (2012) · Cochrane | No trial: which soft tissue correction/augmentation technique is most effective (objective 2b) - no trial identified | 0 studies | No studies |
Crestal incision vs Vestibular incision Implant failure · Patients receiving dental implants Interventions for replacing missing teeth: management of soft tissues for dental implants (2012) · Cochrane | RR 3.0 [0.15, 59.89] | 1 study · 10 participants | Ungraded |
Montelukast (leukotriene receptor antagonist; 10 mg daily for 1 month then alternate days for the second month) vs Placebo Total number of new lesions over 2-month treatment period · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and… · 2 months Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) (2012) · Cochrane | MD -3.90 [-4.55, -3.25] | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Hydrocortisone (systemic corticosteroid) vs Placebo or no treatment Outcome NR · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and… Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) (2012) · Cochrane | Table 1: 'Studies of these corticosteroids were not found or included in the review but are included here for completeness.' No trial of hydrocortisone for RAS was identified. | 0 studies | No studies |
Nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (Ostim) vs Bovine-derived xenograft (Bio-Oss) plus resorbable barrier Recurrence of peri-implantitis · People with at least one dental implant affected by peri-implantitis · 4 years Interventions for replacing missing teeth: treatment of peri‐implantitis (2012) · Cochrane | RR 2.0 [0.21, 18.98] | 1 study · 22 participants | Ungraded |
Implant surface smoothening added to systemic antibiotics + resective surgery + local antibiotics vs No implant surface smoothening (same surgical protocol) Complications and side effects · People with at least one dental implant affected by peri-implantitis · 2 years Interventions for replacing missing teeth: treatment of peri‐implantitis (2012) · Cochrane | No complications occurred in any of the groups. | 1 study · 17 participants | Ungraded |
Aloe vera gel vs Placebo Pain (>=50% improvement in symptoms) · People with erosive oral lichen planus Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites (2012) · Cochrane | RR 6.16 [2.35, 16.13] | 1 study · 45 participants | Ungraded |
Glucosamine sulfate (oral) vs Ibuprofen (oral) Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) - pain interference, change from baseline · Adults (>18 years) with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) diagnosed by RDC/TMD or compatible criteria · 90 days Interventions for managing temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (2012) · Cochrane | MD -6.74 [-14.70, 1.22] | 1 study · 45 participants | Ungraded |
Levamisole (150 mg per day) vs Placebo Decrease in number of ulcers · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and… Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) (2012) · Cochrane | RR 7.88 [0.51, 121.96] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Physiotherapy modalities (physiotherapy, short-wave diathermy, ultrasound) Outcome NR · Adults (>18 years) with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) diagnosed by RDC/TMD or compatible criteria Interventions for managing temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (2012) · Cochrane | The review noted the noticeable absence of evidence for physiotherapy, short-wave diathermy and ultrasound; no eligible RCT evaluated these (Discussion). | 0 studies | No studies |
Pentoxifylline (400 mg three times daily for 60 days) vs Placebo Adverse effects · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and… · 60 days (plus 60-day follow-up) Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) (2012) · Cochrane | Patients receiving pentoxifylline reported more adverse events than those in the placebo group but this was not statistically significant (69% reported adverse effects: dizziness, headaches, stomach upset, increased… | 1 study · 26 participants | Ungraded |
Diclofenac sodium (oral NSAID) vs Occlusal splint therapy Morphological changes of the TMJs (assessed by CT) · Adults (>18 years) with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) diagnosed by RDC/TMD or compatible criteria Interventions for managing temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (2012) · Cochrane | The study reports morphological changes assessed by CT for the entire sample without distinction of group, so extraction was not possible. | 1 study | Ungraded |
30 minutes of one-to-one instruction by a dental hygienist covering the relationship between sugar consumption and dental health, plus oral hygiene, fluoride and regular dental visits (a multi-intervention) vs No instruction Mean sugar consumption (self-reported, 1 to 5 scale; higher score = more positive behaviour) · Adults newly registered at a group dental practice in a suburban Dutch village, the Netherlands · 6 to 12 months One‐to‐one dietary interventions undertaken in a dental setting to change dietary behaviour (2012) · Cochrane | Table 3, mean (SD) sugar consumption (1-5 scale): instruction group 3.41 (1.50) at baseline to 3.58 (1.07) at follow-up (significant versus baseline); control 2.89 (0.99) to 2.88 (1.27). The review judges the results… | 1 study | Ungraded |
Colchicine (0.5 mg per day for 3 months) vs Prednisolone (5 mg per day for 3 months) Number of aphthous ulcers at completion · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and… · 3 months Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) (2012) · Cochrane | MD -0.13 [-0.50, 0.24] | 1 study · 34 participants | Ungraded |
Sodium hypochlorite 5% (also 2.5%) vs Sodium hypochlorite 1% Mean change in health-related quality of life or participant-expressed satisfaction with the procedure · Patients aged 14 to 78 years with mature permanent teeth (fully formed roots), single or multi-rooted, with pulpal or… Irrigants for non‐surgical root canal treatment in mature permanent teeth (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Antiseptic mouthwash (e.g. chlorhexidine) vs Another topical agent or placebo Adverse effects of long‐term use of available topical agents · HIV‐infected adults (> 13 years of age, per CDC) with one or more painful intraoral aphthous ulcers Topical treatments for HIV‐related oral ulcers (2012) · Cochrane | No studies were included in this review. A total of 233 abstracts were retrieved; 25 were selected as potentially eligible but all were excluded (10 reported systemic rather than topical treatment; 3 non‐RCTs; 6… | 0 studies | No studies |
Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 2.5% to 5.25% vs Chlorhexidine, 0.2% to 2% (solution or gel) Adverse effects · Patients aged 14 to 78 years with mature permanent teeth (fully formed roots), single or multi-rooted, with pulpal or… Irrigants for non‐surgical root canal treatment in mature permanent teeth (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Diclofenac sodium (oral NSAID) vs Occlusal splint therapy Pain (on movement and on palpation of the affected TMJ) · Adults (>18 years) with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) diagnosed by RDC/TMD or compatible criteria · 1 week and 3 months Interventions for managing temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (2012) · Cochrane | Data for pain on movement or pain on palpation of the affected TMJ (both at 1 week and 3 months) could not be extracted, as they are described as percentages of an unclear total number. Narratively, diclofenac sodium… | 1 study | Ungraded |
Individually designed, patient-centred preventive programme: dietary counselling (snacking timing, regular meals, fermentable carbohydrates) plus toothbrushing counselling, delivered by trained dental hygienists (a multi-intervention) vs Basic prevention offered as standard in public dental clinics Dental caries increment: DMFS increment after 2 years · Children aged 11 to 12 years with at least one active initial caries lesion, screened in a town in Finland · 2 years One‐to‐one dietary interventions undertaken in a dental setting to change dietary behaviour (2012) · Cochrane | Mean (95% CI) DMFS increment after 2 years: intervention 1.86 (1.50 to 2.21) versus control 2.44 (2.12 to 2.77); significant difference favouring the intervention (P<0.05, comparing intervention and control). No… | 1 study · 497 participants | Ungraded |
Colchicine (0.5 mg per day for 3 months) vs Prednisolone (5 mg per day for 3 months) Adverse effects · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and… · 3 months Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) (2012) · Cochrane | Colchicine was associated with statistically significantly more adverse effects than prednisolone (nine participants reporting adverse effects on colchicine versus two on prednisolone). | 1 study · 34 participants | Ungraded |
Tetracycline suspension (250 mg, held in mouth 2 minutes then swallowed, four times daily for 5 days) vs Placebo Adverse effects · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and… · 5 days per outbreak Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) (2012) · Cochrane | Adverse event rates were comparable between groups. | 1 study | Ungraded |
Ciclosporin rinse vs Placebo (vehicle) Pain reduction (participant-reported symptoms) · People with erosive oral lichen planus Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites (2012) · Cochrane | We were unable to extract data on participant-reported symptoms for Eisen 1990 because there was no breakdown of data for the ELP subgroup. | 1 study · 8 participants | Ungraded |
Chlorhexidine 0.2% vs Normal saline Proportion of participants or samples with positive bacterial growth culture, up to 72 hours after the procedure · Patients aged 14 to 78 years with mature permanent teeth (fully formed roots), single or multi-rooted, with pulpal or… Irrigants for non‐surgical root canal treatment in mature permanent teeth (2012) · Cochrane | Positive bacterial cultures at end of first appointment: 65% of samples (chlorhexidine 0.2%) vs 89% (normal saline); no further data reported. | 1 study | Ungraded |
Colchicine (0.5 mg per day for 3 months) vs Prednisolone (5 mg per day for 3 months) Recurrence during treatment period · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and… · 3 months Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) (2012) · Cochrane | RR 1.30 [0.98, 1.71] | 1 study · 34 participants | Ungraded |
Topical clobetasol propionate 0.025% vs Topical clobetasol propionate 0.05% Partial response (partial or complete response) · People with erosive oral lichen planus Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites (2012) · Cochrane | RR 1.18 [0.82, 1.70] | 1 study · 35 participants | Ungraded |
Individually designed, patient-centred preventive programme: dietary counselling (snacking timing, regular meals, fermentable carbohydrates) plus toothbrushing counselling, delivered by trained dental hygienists (a multi-intervention) vs Basic prevention offered as standard in public dental clinics Using xylitol products more than 3 times per day · Children aged 11 to 12 years with at least one active initial caries lesion, screened in a town in Finland · 2 to 4 years One‐to‐one dietary interventions undertaken in a dental setting to change dietary behaviour (2012) · Cochrane | RR 1.32 [1.04, 1.68] | 1 study · 497 participants | Ungraded |
Sodium hypochlorite 5.25% vs Normal saline Adverse effects · Patients aged 14 to 78 years with mature permanent teeth (fully formed roots), single or multi-rooted, with pulpal or… Irrigants for non‐surgical root canal treatment in mature permanent teeth (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Topical thalidomide vs Another topical agent or placebo Healing of ulceration · HIV‐infected adults (> 13 years of age, per CDC) with one or more painful intraoral aphthous ulcers Topical treatments for HIV‐related oral ulcers (2012) · Cochrane | No studies were included in this review. A total of 233 abstracts were retrieved; 25 were selected as potentially eligible but all were excluded (10 reported systemic rather than topical treatment; 3 non‐RCTs; 6… | 0 studies | No studies |
Subepithelial connective tissue graft (palate) at implant placement vs No augmentation Aesthetics (pink aesthetic score, PES) evaluated by dentist · Partially edentulous patients receiving posterior mandibular implants Interventions for replacing missing teeth: management of soft tissues for dental implants (2012) · Cochrane | MD -2.87 [-3.67, -2.07] | 1 study · 20 participants | Ungraded |
Chlorhexidine 0.2% vs Normal saline Mean change in health-related quality of life or participant-expressed satisfaction with the procedure · Patients aged 14 to 78 years with mature permanent teeth (fully formed roots), single or multi-rooted, with pulpal or… Irrigants for non‐surgical root canal treatment in mature permanent teeth (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Sodium hypochlorite 5% (also 2.5%) vs Sodium hypochlorite 1% Proportion of participants or samples with positive bacterial growth culture, up to 72 hours after the procedure · Patients aged 14 to 78 years with mature permanent teeth (fully formed roots), single or multi-rooted, with pulpal or… Irrigants for non‐surgical root canal treatment in mature permanent teeth (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.22 [0.051, 0.91] | 1 study · 111 participants | Ungraded |
Topical tacrolimus 0.1% ointment vs Topical clobetasol propionate 0.05% ointment Reduction in target/mean lesion size · People with erosive oral lichen planus Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites (2012) · Cochrane | MD 0.00 [-1.09, 1.10] | 1 study · 29 participants | Ungraded |
Fixed partial denture supported by root-formed implants and remaining teeth (tooth/implant-supported) vs Fixed partial denture supported only by root-formed implants (implant-supported) Alveolar bone loss · Partially edentulous patients (mandible) receiving FDPs; split-mouth, 10-year · 10 years Interventions for replacing missing teeth: partially absent dentition (2012) · Cochrane | No significant differences in alveolar bone loss: 0.6 to 0.7 mm for implant-supported versus 0.5 mm for tooth/implant FDPs (narrative) | 1 study · 23 participants | Ungraded |
Open TMJ surgery (arthroplasty / total joint replacement) Outcome NR · Adults (>18 years) with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) diagnosed by RDC/TMD or compatible criteria Interventions for managing temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (2012) · Cochrane | No study evaluated open surgery for TMJ OA, which should be explored in future trials (Research recommendations Table 1; Discussion). | 0 studies | No studies |
Tilting-type RDP (minor connector design) vs Functional and sanitary RDP designs Patient satisfaction · Partially edentulous patients with a distal-extension RDP (minor connector); cross-over Interventions for replacing missing teeth: partially absent dentition (2012) · Cochrane | The tilting-type RDP significantly outscored the functional and sanitary designs for patient satisfaction; within-patient SDs not given, data narrative only | 1 study · 25 participants | Ungraded |
RDP with lingual plate major connector vs RDP with sublingual bar major connector Abutment tooth mobility (Periotest) at 30 months · Partially edentulous patients treated with a mandibular RDP (major connector) · 30 months Interventions for replacing missing teeth: partially absent dentition (2012) · Cochrane | MD -1.99 [-3.36, -0.62] | 1 study · 36 participants | Ungraded |
Fluocinonide in adhesive base vs Placebo Side-effects reported · People with erosive oral lichen planus Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites (2012) · Cochrane | Table 3 (Side-effects). Voute 1993: no side-effects during the study and follow-up period. | 1 study · 27 participants | Ungraded |
One-to-one advice on sugar restriction: detailed information on the sugar content of foods, with instruction to refrain from sugar-containing foods between meals and to reduce sugar in main meals (6-week sugar restriction) vs No advice on sugar restriction Total sugar intake frequency (mean number of intakes per day) · Adults with frequent sugar intake harbouring Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus in saliva (14 dental… · Follow-up at 3, 6 and 12 weeks One‐to‐one dietary interventions undertaken in a dental setting to change dietary behaviour (2012) · Cochrane | Table 5, total mean (SD) intakes/day: intervention 9.5 (1.9) baseline, 1.6 (1.4) at 3 weeks, 1.8 (1.5) at 6 weeks, 7.8 (3.5) at 12 weeks; control 7.2 (2.6), 7.1 (3.7), 6.5 (4.2), 6.7 (2.2). Significant reduction versus… | 1 study · 20 participants | Ungraded |
Levamisole 50 mg three times per day for days 1 and 2 vs Levamisole 50 mg three times per day for day 1 and placebo for day 2 (lower dose) Overall effectiveness (all parameters) · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and… · 16 weeks Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) (2012) · Cochrane | A trial at high risk of bias (Zissis 1983) compared two different dose regimens of levamisole (treatment 2 days per week for 16 weeks; a third group received placebo). There was inconsistency in the presentation of the… | 1 study | Ungraded |
Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 2.5% to 5.25% vs Chlorhexidine, 0.2% to 2% (solution or gel) Proportion of participants with moderate to severe pain 72 hours to 14 days after the procedure · Patients aged 14 to 78 years with mature permanent teeth (fully formed roots), single or multi-rooted, with pulpal or… Irrigants for non‐surgical root canal treatment in mature permanent teeth (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |