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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Second trimester routine vs selective ultrasound Birth before 34 weeks' gestation · Fetal ultrasound assessment before 24 weeks' gestation Routine ultrasound for fetal assessment before 24 weeks' gestation (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
First trimester routine vs selective ultrasound Perinatal loss · Fetal ultrasound assessment before 24 weeks' gestation Routine ultrasound for fetal assessment before 24 weeks' gestation (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.55, 1.73] | 1 study · 648 participants | Low |
First trimester routine vs selective ultrasound Induction of labour for post‐maturity · Fetal ultrasound assessment before 24 weeks' gestation Routine ultrasound for fetal assessment before 24 weeks' gestation (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.5, 1.37] | 3 studies · 1474 participants | Low |
First trimester routine vs selective ultrasound Termination for major abnormality · Fetal ultrasound assessment before 24 weeks' gestation Routine ultrasound for fetal assessment before 24 weeks' gestation (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
First trimester routine vs selective ultrasound Birth before 34 weeks' gestation · Fetal ultrasound assessment before 24 weeks' gestation Routine ultrasound for fetal assessment before 24 weeks' gestation (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Second trimester routine vs selective ultrasound Perinatal loss · Fetal ultrasound assessment before 24 weeks' gestation Routine ultrasound for fetal assessment before 24 weeks' gestation (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.81, 1.2] | 3 studies · 17918 participants | Moderate |
Second trimester routine vs selective ultrasound Induction of labour for post‐maturity · Fetal ultrasound assessment before 24 weeks' gestation Routine ultrasound for fetal assessment before 24 weeks' gestation (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.48 [0.31, 0.73] | 6 studies · 24174 participants | Moderate |
Second trimester routine vs selective ultrasound Termination of pregnancy for fetal abnormality · Fetal ultrasound assessment before 24 weeks' gestation Routine ultrasound for fetal assessment before 24 weeks' gestation (2021) · Cochrane | RR 2.36 [1.13, 4.93] | 4 studies · 26893 participants | Moderate |
Second trimester routine vs selective ultrasound Maternal anxiety · Fetal ultrasound assessment before 24 weeks' gestation Routine ultrasound for fetal assessment before 24 weeks' gestation (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Amniotic membranes sweeping vs no treatment/sham Spontaneous onset of labour · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.21 [1.08, 1.34] | 17 studies · 3170 participants | Low |
Amniotic membranes sweeping vs vaginal/intracervical prostaglandins Caesarean section · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.69 [0.44, 1.09] | 3 studies · 339 participants | Low |
Amniotic membranes sweeping vs vaginal/intracervical prostaglandins Spontaneous vaginal birth · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.95, 1.32] | 2 studies · 252 participants | Low |
Amniotic membranes sweeping vs vaginal/intracervical prostaglandins Uterine hyperstimulation with/without fetal heart rate (FHR) changes ‐ not reported · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Amniotic membranes sweeping vs vaginal/intracervical prostaglandins Maternal death or serious maternal morbidity · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.27, 3.21] | 1 study · 87 participants | Low |
Amniotic membranes sweeping vs vaginal/intracervical prostaglandins Neonatal death or serious neonatal perinatal morbidity · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.4 [0.12, 1.33] | 2 studies · 269 participants | Low |
Amniotic membranes sweeping vs intravenous oxytocin/amniotomy Spontaneous onset of labour · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.32 [0.88, 1.96] | 1 study · 69 participants | Low |
Amniotic membranes sweeping vs intravenous oxytocin/amniotomy Induction of labour · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.51 [0.05, 5.42] | 1 study · 69 participants | Low |
Amniotic membranes sweeping vs intravenous oxytocin/amniotomy Caesarean section · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.69 [0.12, 3.85] | 1 study · 69 participants | Low |
Amniotic membranes sweeping vs intravenous oxytocin/amniotomy Spontaneous vaginal birth ‐ not reported · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Amniotic membranes sweeping vs intravenous oxytocin/amniotomy Uterine hyperstimulation with/without fetal heart (FHR) rate changes ‐ not reported · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Amniotic membranes sweeping vs no treatment/sham Induction of labour · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.56, 0.94] | 16 studies · 3224 participants | Low |
Amniotic membranes sweeping vs intravenous oxytocin/amniotomy Maternal death or serious maternal morbidity · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 69 participants | Low |
Amniotic membranes sweeping vs intravenous oxytocin/amniotomy Neonatal death or serious neonatal perinatal morbidity · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Amniotic membranes sweeping vs vaginal/oral misoprostol Spontaneous onset of labour ‐ not reported · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Amniotic membranes sweeping vs vaginal/oral misoprostol Induction of labour ‐ not reported · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Amniotic membranes sweeping vs vaginal/oral misoprostol Caesarean section · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.31, 2.17] | 1 study · 96 participants | Low |
Amniotic membranes sweeping vs vaginal/oral misoprostol Spontaneous vaginal birth ‐ not reported · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Amniotic membranes sweeping vs vaginal/oral misoprostol Uterine hyperstimulation with/without fetal heart rate (FHR) changes ‐ not reported · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Amniotic membranes sweeping vs vaginal/oral misoprostol Maternal death or serious maternal morbidity · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Amniotic membranes sweeping vs vaginal/oral misoprostol Neonatal death or serious neonatal perinatal morbidity ‐ not reported · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
One frequency of amniotic membranes sweeping vs another frequency of amniotic membrane sweeping Spontaneous onset of labour ‐ not reported · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Amniotic membranes sweeping vs no treatment/sham Caesarean section · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.85, 1.04] | 32 studies · 5499 participants | Moderate |
One frequency of amniotic membranes sweeping vs another frequency of amniotic membrane sweeping Induction of labour · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.19 [0.76, 1.85] | 1 study · 234 participants | Low |
One frequency of amniotic membranes sweeping vs another frequency of amniotic membrane sweeping Caesarean section · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.6, 1.46] | 1 study · 234 participants | Low |
One frequency of amniotic membranes sweeping vs another frequency of amniotic membrane sweeping Spontaneous vaginal birth · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.86, 1.17] | 1 study · 234 participants | Moderate |
One frequency of amniotic membranes sweeping vs another frequency of amniotic membrane sweeping Uterine hyperstimulation with/without fetal heart rate (FHR) changes ‐ not reported · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
One frequency of amniotic membranes sweeping vs another frequency of amniotic membrane sweeping Maternal death or serious maternal morbidity · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.3, 2.02] | 1 study · 234 participants | Low |
One frequency of amniotic membranes sweeping vs another frequency of amniotic membrane sweeping Neonatal death or serious neonatal perinatal morbidity · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | RR 2 [0.18, 21.76] | 1 study · 234 participants | Low |
Amniotic membranes sweeping vs no treatment/sham Spontaneous vaginal birth · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.99, 1.07] | 26 studies · 4538 participants | Moderate |
Amniotic membranes sweeping vs no treatment/sham Uterine hyperstimulation with/without fetal heart rate (FHR) changes ‐ not reported · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Amniotic membranes sweeping vs no treatment/sham Maternal death or serious maternal morbidity · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.57, 1.2] | 17 studies · 2749 participants | Low |
Amniotic membranes sweeping vs no treatment/sham Neonatal death or serious neonatal perinatal morbidity · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.59, 1.17] | 18 studies · 3696 participants | Low |
Amniotic membranes sweeping vs vaginal/intracervical prostaglandins Spontaneous onset of labour · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.24 [0.98, 1.57] | 3 studies · 339 participants | Low |
Amniotic membranes sweeping vs vaginal/intracervical prostaglandins Induction of labour · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.56, 1.45] | 2 studies · 157 participants | Low |
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) vs placebo Pruritus score* (points out of 100 mm visual analogue scale) · pregnant women with intrahepatic cholestasis Pharmacological interventions for treating intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 715 participants | Moderate |
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) vs placebo Stillbirth · pregnant women with intrahepatic cholestasis Pharmacological interventions for treating intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.08, 1.37] | 6 studies · 955 participants | Very low |
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) vs placebo Fetal distress/asphyxial events · pregnant women with intrahepatic cholestasis Pharmacological interventions for treating intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.7 [0.35, 1.4] | 6 studies · 944 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Crystalloid vs control · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.72, 0.98] | 5 studies · 370 participants | Low |
Crystalloid vs control Maternal nausea and/or vomiting · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.19 [0.01, 3.91] | 1 study · 69 participants | Very low |
Crystalloid vs control Neonatal acidosis as defined by cord or neonatal blood with a pH < 7.2 · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |