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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
767 questions in 53 reviews · Back and Neck
current versionsNo studies 149 · 19.4%Ungraded 41 · 5.3%Very low 168 · 21.9%Low 226 · 29.5%Moderate 156 · 20.3%High 27 · 3.5%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Disc arthroplasty vs fusion Patient satisfaction Questionnaire · patients with chronic low‐back pain Total disc replacement for chronic back pain in the presence of disc degeneration (2012) · Cochrane | OR 1.93 [1.36, 2.76] | 4 studies · 958 participants | Moderate |
Disc arthroplasty vs fusion Improvement in function Oswestry score. Scale from: ‐100 to 100. · patients with chronic low‐back pain Total disc replacement for chronic back pain in the presence of disc degeneration (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 1207 participants | Moderate |
Disc arthroplasty vs fusion Percentage of patients improved on function Oswestry score · patients with chronic low‐back pain Total disc replacement for chronic back pain in the presence of disc degeneration (2012) · Cochrane | OR 1.45 [1.06, 1.98] | 5 studies · 1244 participants | Low |
Disc arthroplasty vs fusion Disability Roland Morris · patients with chronic low‐back pain Total disc replacement for chronic back pain in the presence of disc degeneration (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Disc arthroplasty vs fusion Physical and mental health SF‐36, SF‐12 · patients with chronic low‐back pain Total disc replacement for chronic back pain in the presence of disc degeneration (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 863 participants | Very low |
Disc arthroplasty vs fusion Economic status Euro‐QoL; EQ‐5D · patients with chronic low‐back pain Total disc replacement for chronic back pain in the presence of disc degeneration (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 152 participants | Very low |
Disc arthroplasty vs fusion Daily activity · patients with chronic low‐back pain Total disc replacement for chronic back pain in the presence of disc degeneration (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Disc arthroplasty vs fusion Return to Work · patients with chronic low‐back pain Total disc replacement for chronic back pain in the presence of disc degeneration (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 1188 participants | Very low |
Spinal manipulative therapy vs other interventions Pain at one week 0 (no pain) to 10 (worse pain) · Patients with acute low‐back pain Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low‐back pain (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 383 participants | Low |
Spinal manipulative therapy plus another intervention vs the intervention alone Functional status at 3 to 6 months Oswestry Disability Index. Scale from: 0 (no dysfunction) to 100 (worse function) · Patients with acute low‐back pain Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low‐back pain (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 225 participants | Low |
Spinal manipulative therapy plus another intervention vs the intervention alone Recovery at one week · Patients with acute low‐back pain Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low‐back pain (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.32, 2.47] | 2 studies · 196 participants | Very low |
Spinal manipulative therapy plus another intervention vs the intervention alone Recovery at 3 to 6 months · Patients with acute low‐back pain Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low‐back pain (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.51, 1.1] | 2 studies · 195 participants | Very low |
Spinal manipulative therapy plus another intervention vs the intervention alone Serious adverse events · Patients with acute low‐back pain Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low‐back pain (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 2 participants | Ungraded |
Spinal manipulative therapy vs inert interventions Pain at one week Scale from: 0 (no pain) to 10 (worse pain). · Patients with acute low‐back pain Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low‐back pain (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 311 participants | Low |
Spinal manipulative therapy vs inert interventions Pain at one month Scale from: 0 (no pain) to 10 (worse pain). · Patients with acute low‐back pain Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low‐back pain (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 178 participants | Low |
Spinal manipulative therapy vs inert interventions Functional status at one week Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire. Scale from: 0 (no dysfunction) to 24 (worse function) · Patients with acute low‐back pain Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low‐back pain (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 205 participants | Moderate |
Spinal manipulative therapy vs inert interventions Functional status at one month Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire. Scale from: 0 (no dysfunction) to 24 (worse function) · Patients with acute low‐back pain Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low‐back pain (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 178 participants | Low |
Spinal manipulative therapy vs inert interventions Recovery at one week · Patients with acute low‐back pain Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low‐back pain (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.5, 1.85] | 2 studies · 263 participants | Low |
Spinal manipulative therapy vs inert interventions Serious adverse events · Patients with acute low‐back pain Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low‐back pain (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 2 participants | Ungraded |
Spinal manipulative therapy vs other interventions Pain at one month 0 (no pain) to 10 (worse pain) · Patients with acute low‐back pain Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low‐back pain (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 606 participants | Moderate |
Spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) vs sham SMT Pain at one month 0 (no pain) to 10 (worse pain) · Patients with acute low‐back pain Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low‐back pain (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 74 participants | Very low |
Spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) vs sham SMT Functional status at one month Oswestry Disability Index. Scale from: 0 (no dysfunction) to 100 (worse function) · Patients with acute low‐back pain Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low‐back pain (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 94 participants | Very low |
Spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) vs sham SMT Recovery at one month · Patients with acute low‐back pain Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low‐back pain (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) vs sham SMT Serious adverse events · Patients with acute low‐back pain Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low‐back pain (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Spinal manipulative therapy vs other interventions Functional status at one week Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire. Scale from: 0 (no dysfunction) to 24 (worse function) · Patients with acute low‐back pain Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low‐back pain (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 241 participants | Low |
Spinal manipulative therapy vs other interventions Functional status at one month Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire. Scale from: 0 (no dysfunction) to 24 (worse function) · Patients with acute low‐back pain Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low‐back pain (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 681 participants | Moderate |
Spinal manipulative therapy vs other interventions Recovery at one month · Patients with acute low‐back pain Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low‐back pain (2012) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.94, 1.21] | 2 studies · 117 participants | Low |
Spinal manipulative therapy vs other interventions Serious adverse events · Patients with acute low‐back pain Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low‐back pain (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 2 participants | Ungraded |
Spinal manipulative therapy plus another intervention vs the intervention alone Pain at one week Scale from: 0 (no pain) to 10 (worse pain) · Patients with acute low‐back pain Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low‐back pain (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 102 participants | Low |
Spinal manipulative therapy plus another intervention vs the intervention alone Pain at 3 to 6 months Scale from: 0 (no pain) to 10 (worse pain) · Patients with acute low‐back pain Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low‐back pain (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 104 participants | Low |
Spinal manipulative therapy plus another intervention vs the intervention alone Functional status at one week Oswestry Disability Index. Scale from: 0 (no dysfunction) to 100 (worse function). · Patients with acute low‐back pain Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low‐back pain (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 225 participants | Low |
Arthroplasty vs fusion Arm pain at 1 to 2 years VAS or NRS · patients with single‐level cervical degenerative disc disease Arthroplasty versus fusion in single-level cervical degenerative disc disease (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 1310 participants | Low |
Arthroplasty vs fusion Neck pain at 1 to 2 years VAS or NRS · patients with single‐level cervical degenerative disc disease Arthroplasty versus fusion in single-level cervical degenerative disc disease (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 1309 participants | Moderate |
Arthroplasty vs fusion Neck‐related functional status at 1 to 2 years NDI · patients with single‐level cervical degenerative disc disease Arthroplasty versus fusion in single-level cervical degenerative disc disease (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 1505 participants | Moderate |
Arthroplasty vs fusion Patient satisfaction at 1 to 2 years · patients with single‐level cervical degenerative disc disease Arthroplasty versus fusion in single-level cervical degenerative disc disease (2012) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [1, 1.12] | 2 studies · 498 participants | Very low |
Arthroplasty vs fusion Neurological status at 1 to 2 years Percentage of participants with unchanged or improved neurological status · patients with single‐level cervical degenerative disc disease Arthroplasty versus fusion in single-level cervical degenerative disc disease (2012) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [1.01, 1.09] | 3 studies · 1147 participants | Moderate |
Arthroplasty vs fusion Global health status at 1 to 2 years SF36‐PCS · patients with single‐level cervical degenerative disc disease Arthroplasty versus fusion in single-level cervical degenerative disc disease (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 950 participants | Moderate |
Arthroplasty vs fusion Global health status at 1 to 2 years SF36‐MCS · patients with single‐level cervical degenerative disc disease Arthroplasty versus fusion in single-level cervical degenerative disc disease (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 950 participants | Low |
Spinal manipulative therapy vs inert interventions Pain VAS. Scale from 0‐100 (worse pain). · patients with chronic low‐back pain Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low‐back pain (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 72 participants | Very low |
spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) vs sham SMT Functional status Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire. Scale from: 0 to 24 (worse function). · patients with chronic LBP Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low‐back pain (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 51 participants | Very low |
Spinal manipulative therapy vs all other interventions Pain VAS. Scale from: 0‐100 (worse pain). · patients with chronic low‐back pain Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low‐back pain (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 1405 participants | High |
Spinal manipulative therapy vs all other interventions Pain VAS. Scale from: 0‐100 (worse pain). · patients with chronic low‐back pain Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low‐back pain (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 1074 participants | Moderate |
Spinal manipulative therapy vs all other interventions Pain VAS. Scale from: 0‐100 (worse pain). · patients with chronic low‐back pain Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low‐back pain (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 1285 participants | High |
Spinal manipulative therapy vs all other interventions Functional status Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire. Scale from: 0 to 24 (worse function). · patients with chronic low‐back pain Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low‐back pain (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 1402 participants | High |
Spinal manipulative therapy vs all other interventions Functional status Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire. Scale from: 0 to 24 (worse function). · patients with chronic low‐back pain Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low‐back pain (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 1323 participants | Moderate |
Spinal manipulative therapy vs all other interventions Functional status Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire. Scale from 0 to 24 (worse function). · patients with chronic low‐back pain Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low‐back pain (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 1418 participants | High |
Spinal manipulative therapy vs all other interventions Recovery at 1 month · patients with chronic low‐back pain Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low‐back pain (2011) · Cochrane | RR 1.2 [1.04, 1.37] | 3 studies · 370 participants | Moderate |
spinal manipulative therapy plus any intervention vs the intervention alone Pain VAS. Scale from: 0‐100 (worse pain). · patients with chronic LBP Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low‐back pain (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 228 participants | Low |
spinal manipulative therapy plus any intervention vs the intervention alone Pain VAS. Scale from: 0‐100 (worse pain). · patients with chronic LBP Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low‐back pain (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 1016 participants | High |
Spinal manipulative therapy vs inert interventions Pain VAS. Scale from 0‐100 (worse pain). · patients with chronic low‐back pain Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low‐back pain (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 70 participants | Very low |