Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

973 questions · 1,024 findings · 106 reviews

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No studies found 235 · 22.9%GRADE not reported 59 · 5.8%Very low 207 · 20.2%Low 271 · 26.5%Moderate 177 · 17.3%High 75 · 7.3%

Intramuscular vitamin K vs intravenous vitamin K

Mortality (all infants): 0.2 mg IV versus 0.2 mg IM · preterm infants

Intramuscular vitamin K showed no clear difference in mortality (all infants): 0.2 mg IV versus 0.2 mg IM compared with intravenous vitamin K (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.32 [0.56, 3.14]
1 study · 67 participants
Low

Intramuscular vitamin K vs intravenous vitamin K

Mortality (all infants): 0.2 mg IV versus 0.5 mg IM · preterm infants

Intramuscular vitamin K showed no clear difference in mortality (all infants): 0.2 mg IV versus 0.5 mg IM compared with intravenous vitamin K (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.82 [0.84, 9.46]
1 study · 64 participants
Low

Intramuscular vitamin K vs intravenous vitamin K

Bleeding complications: 0.2 mg IV versus 0.5 mg IM · preterm infants

Intramuscular vitamin K showed no clear difference in bleeding complications: 0.2 mg IV versus 0.5 mg IM compared with intravenous vitamin K (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.81 [0.2, 3.27]
1 study · 54 participants
Low

Intramuscular vitamin K vs intravenous vitamin K

Intraventricular hemorrhage > Grade II: 0.2 mg IV versus 0.2 mg IM · preterm infants

Intramuscular vitamin K showed no clear difference in intraventricular hemorrhage > Grade II: 0.2 mg IV versus 0.2 mg IM compared with intravenous vitamin K (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2 [0.19, 20.72]
1 study · 52 participants
Low

Intramuscular vitamin K vs intravenous vitamin K

Intraventricular hemorrhage > Grade II: 0.2 mg IV versus 0.5 mg IM · preterm infants

Intramuscular vitamin K showed no clear difference in intraventricular hemorrhage > Grade II: 0.2 mg IV versus 0.5 mg IM compared with intravenous vitamin K (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.72 [0.13, 3.96]
1 study · 54 participants
Low

Intramuscular vitamin K vs intravenous vitamin K

Presence of PIVKA II at day 5: 0.2 mg IV versus 0.2 mg IM · preterm infants

Intramuscular vitamin K showed no clear difference in presence of PIVKA II at day 5: 0.2 mg IV versus 0.2 mg IM compared with intravenous vitamin K (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.52 [0.37, 6.23]
1 study · 60 participants
Low

Intramuscular vitamin K vs intravenous vitamin K

Presence of PIVKA II at day 5: 0.2 mg IV versus 0.5 mg IM · preterm infants

Intramuscular vitamin K showed no clear difference in presence of PIVKA II at day 5: 0.2 mg IV versus 0.5 mg IM compared with intravenous vitamin K (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.07 [0.41, 10.43]
1 study · 57 participants
Low

Intramuscular vitamin K vs intravenous vitamin K

Presence of PIVKA II at day 25: 0.2 mg IV versus 0.2 mg IM · preterm infants

Intramuscular vitamin K showed no clear difference in presence of PIVKA II at day 25: 0.2 mg IV versus 0.2 mg IM compared with intravenous vitamin K (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.08 [0.07, 16.36]
1 study · 52 participants
Low

Intramuscular vitamin K vs intravenous vitamin K

Presence of PIVKA II at day 25 ‐ 0.2 mg IV versus 0.5 mg IM · preterm infants

Intramuscular vitamin K showed no clear difference in presence of PIVKA II at day 25 ‐ 0.2 mg IV versus 0.5 mg IM compared with intravenous vitamin K (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.04 [0.07, 15.74]
1 study · 51 participants
Low

Intramuscular vitamin K vs intravenous vitamin K

Necrotizing enterocolitis ‐ 0.2 mg IV versus 0.2 mg IM · preterm infants

Intramuscular vitamin K showed no clear difference in necrotizing enterocolitis ‐ 0.2 mg IV versus 0.2 mg IM compared with intravenous vitamin K (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1 [0.15, 6.57]
1 study · 52 participants
Low

Multivitamin vs no multivitamins

Birth weight (grammes) Standard balance beam to nearest 10g · Pregnant and lactating women with HIV

1 finding from 1 review

Micronutrient supplementation in pregnant women with HIV infection 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 800 participants
Moderate

Multivitamin vs no multivitamins

Birth weight < 2500g Standard beam balance to nearest 10g · Pregnant and lactating women with HIV

Multivitamins probably leads to lower birth weight < 2500g Standard beam balance to nearest 10g compared with no multivitamins (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Micronutrient supplementation in pregnant women with HIV infection 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.55 [0.38, 0.81]
1 study · 800 participants
Moderate

Multivitamin vs no multivitamins

Gestational age (preterm birth < 37 weeks) · Pregnant and lactating women with HIV

Multivitamins showed no clear difference in preterm birth < 37 weeks Gestational age was determined using date… compared with no multivitamins (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Micronutrient supplementation in pregnant women with HIV infection 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.86 [0.68, 1.1]
1 study · 888 participants
Moderate

Multivitamin vs no multivitamins

Small‐for‐gestational age or IUGR · Pregnant and lactating women with HIV

Multivitamins probably leads to lower small‐for‐gestational‐age Gestational age was determined using date… compared with no multivitamins (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Micronutrient supplementation in pregnant women with HIV infection 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.57 [0.4, 0.83]
1 study · 768 participants
Moderate

Multivitamin vs no multivitamins

Foetal death · Pregnant and lactating women with HIV

Multivitamins probably leads to lower foetal death (stillbirth and miscarriage) compared with no multivitamins (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Micronutrient supplementation in pregnant women with HIV infection 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.61 [0.39, 0.94]
1 study · 1021 participants
Moderate

Multivitamin vs no multivitamins

Change in haemoglobin level from baseline · Pregnant and lactating women with HIV

1 finding from 1 review

Micronutrient supplementation in pregnant women with HIV infection 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 1021 participants
Moderate

Multivitamin vs no multivitamins

Change in CD4 count · Pregnant and lactating women with HIV

1 finding from 1 review

Micronutrient supplementation in pregnant women with HIV infection 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 516 participants
Low

Vitamin D given to infants vs placebo or no treatment

Bone mineral content at the end of intervention mg/cmPhoton absorptiometry · term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D supplementation for term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 56 participants
Very low

Vitamin D given to infants vs placebo or no treatment

Nutritional rickets ‐ biochemical Alkaline phosphatase, calcium and phosphate levels. · term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D supplementation for term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 34 participants
Very low

Vitamin D given to infants vs placebo or no treatment

Hypercalcaemia · term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health

Vitamin D given to infants showed no clear difference in adverse effects (hypercalcaemia) compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D supplementation for term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.45 [0.54, 3.86]
1 study · 98 participants
Low