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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

4,534 questions · 5,247 findings · 456 reviews

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No studies found 1,142 · 21.8%GRADE not reported 1,503 · 28.6%Very low 1,040 · 19.8%Low 869 · 16.6%Moderate 554 · 10.6%High 139 · 2.6%

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Toothbrushing + Turkish gall oral rinse vs Toothbrushing alone

Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), halimeter · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

Toothbrushing + Turkish gall oral rinse showed no clear difference in volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), halimeter compared with toothbrushing; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

0.6% eucalyptus chewing gum vs Placebo chewing gum

Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), halimeter · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

0.6% eucalyptus chewing gum showed no clear difference in volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) compared with placebo chewing gum; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Miswak (Salvadora persica) stick vs Chlorhexidine mouthwash

Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), halimeter · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

Miswak (Salvadora persica) stick led to lower volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) compared with chlorhexidine mouthwash; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Triclosan/copolymer-containing fluoride toothpaste vs Sodium fluoride (control) toothpaste

Dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

It is very uncertain whether 0.3% triclosan + PVM/MA + sodium fluoride toothpaste changes dentist-reported breath odour (OLT) score (scale 1 to 9 hedonic) compared with sodium fluoride (control) toothpaste (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Residence in weakly contaminated area (approx. 1-5 Ci/km2) vs Residence in non-contaminated (non-exposed) area (<1 Ci/km2)

Dental caries · Children aged 12-15 years (adolescents)

In adolescents (12-15 y) from weakly contaminated areas, individual studies mostly reported higher DMFT/dmft in exposed children but with wide variation; the review did not pool the data (ungraded).

9 findings from 1 review
Show 6 more findings

1055 to 1100 ppm F toothpaste vs 500 to 550 ppm F toothpaste

Proportion developing new caries · Young children with primary (deciduous) dentition (aged 1 to 6 years at study start)

1055 to 1100 ppm F toothpaste may leads to lower proportion developing new caries compared with 500 to 550 ppm F toothpaste (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Subgingival laser irradiation + povidone-iodine vs SRP

Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), halimeter · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

Subgingival laser irradiation + povidone-iodine led to higher volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) compared with SRP alone; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

1450 to 1500 ppm F toothpaste vs Non-fluoride (0 ppm F) placebo toothpaste

Caries increment, tooth index D(M)FT · Children and adolescents with immature permanent dentition (aged 5 to 16 years at study start)

1450 to 1500 ppm F toothpaste probably leads to lower caries increment, tooth index D(M)FT compared with non-fluoride (0 ppm F) placebo toothpaste (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual zinc + arginine dentifrice vs Control (regular fluoride) dentifrice

Dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

It is very uncertain whether dual zinc + arginine dentifrice changes dentist-reported OLT hedonic rating (scale 1 to 9) compared with control (regular fluoride) dentifrice (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Lemongrass oil mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash

Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), halimeter · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

Lemongrass oil mouthwash led to lower volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), halimeter compared with placebo mouthwash; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Abrasive candy; abrasive candy + 2% propolis; abrasive candy + 0.5% zinc gluconate vs Abrasive candy + 1% propolis + 0.25% zinc

Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), halimeter · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…
1 finding from 1 review
  • Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
    Barak 2012 (5-arm RCT) compared abrasive candy, abrasive candy with propolis and abrasive candy with zinc gluconate versus abrasive candy with propolis and zinc; VSC measured by halimeter. We could not use the results…
    1 study
    GRADE not reported

Hinokitiol gel vs Placebo gel

VSC: methyl mercaptan · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

Hinokitiol gel showed no clear difference in VSC: methyl mercaptan compared with placebo gel; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Triclosan dentifrice vs Negative control dentifrice

Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), halimeter · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…
1 finding from 1 review
  • Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
    Nogueira-Filho 2002 (5-arm trial) compared three commercial 0.3% triclosan dentifrices and an experimental formulation versus a negative control dentifrice; VSC by halimeter. We could not use the results in the…
    1 study
    GRADE not reported

Oral-health promotion programs (OHPPs): community-based oral-health education/training, supervised toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste and topical fluoride, dental screening, and dietary advice vs No oral-health promotion program, or a differing (usual-care) action under similar conditions

DMFT/DMFS index (dental caries experience) · Children aged 0-12 years in the United Kingdom

In UK studies, OHPPs were associated with lower DMFT/S (OR 0.04, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.58; ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review

Toothbrushing + 0.075% cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash vs Toothbrushing alone

Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), halimeter · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

Toothbrushing + 0.075% cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash led to lower volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), halimeter compared with toothbrushing; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Topical G32 (ayurvedic preparation) vs Chlorhexidine, 0.2% to 2% (solution or gel)

Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), halimeter · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

Topical G32 (ayurvedic preparation) showed no clear difference in volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) compared with chlorhexidine digluconate 1% gel; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Chlorhexidine + zinc acetate mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash

Adverse events · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review
  • Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
    mean 3 months
    Adverse events: listed in the Summary of findings table but no data reported. No data were reported for adverse events.
    0 studies
    No studies found

2400 to 2800 ppm F toothpaste vs Non-fluoride (0 ppm F) placebo toothpaste

Caries increment, tooth index D(M)FT · Children and adolescents with immature permanent dentition (aged 5 to 16 years at study start)

2400 to 2800 ppm F toothpaste may leads to lower caries increment, tooth index D(M)FT compared with non-fluoride (0 ppm F) placebo toothpaste (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

1450 to 1500 ppm F toothpaste vs Non-fluoride (0 ppm F) placebo toothpaste

Caries increment, surface index D(M)FS · Children and adolescents with immature permanent dentition (aged 5 to 16 years at study start)

1450 to 1500 ppm F toothpaste probably leads to lower caries increment, surface index D(M)FS compared with non-fluoride (0 ppm F) placebo toothpaste (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

1700 to 2200 ppm F toothpaste vs Non-fluoride (0 ppm F) placebo toothpaste

Caries increment, tooth index D(M)FT · Children and adolescents with immature permanent dentition (aged 5 to 16 years at study start)

1700 to 2200 ppm F toothpaste may leads to lower caries increment, tooth index D(M)FT compared with non-fluoride (0 ppm F) placebo toothpaste (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review