What do systematic reviews say?

Immune checkpoint inhibitors vs any second‐line chemotherapy

Immune checkpoint inhibitors may leads to lower time to death from any cause Range of compared with any second‐line chemotherapy (low certainty).

• Immunotherapy for advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.72 [0.63, 0.81]
  2 studies · 1473 participants
  Low

Immune checkpoint inhibitors vs any second‐line chemotherapy

• Immunotherapy for advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 727 participants
  Low

Immune checkpoint inhibitors vs any second‐line chemotherapy

Immune checkpoint inhibitors may leads to lower adverse events grade 3 to 5 Range of compared with any second‐line chemotherapy (low certainty).

• Immunotherapy for advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.89 [0.81, 0.97]
  2 studies · 1423 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in poor outcome (high certainty).

• Antifibrinolytic therapy for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.03 [0.94, 1.13]
  5 studies · 2359 participants
  High

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in all cause mortality (high certainty).

• Antifibrinolytic therapy for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.02 [0.9, 1.16]
  11 studies · 2717 participants
  High

Intervention not reported

The intervention probably leads to lower rebleeding (moderate certainty).

• Antifibrinolytic therapy for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.65 [0.47, 0.91]
  11 studies · 2717 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in delayed cerebral ischemia (moderate certainty).

• Antifibrinolytic therapy for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.27 [1, 1.62]
  7 studies · 2484 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in hydrocephalus (high certainty).

• Antifibrinolytic therapy for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.09 [0.99, 1.2]
  6 studies · 1992 participants
  High

Paracetamol vs ibuprofen

Paracetamol showed no clear difference in failure of PDA closure after first course of treatment (assessed by… compared with ibuprofen (moderate certainty).

• Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.02 [0.88, 1.18]
  18 studies · 1535 participants
  Moderate

Early paracetamol vs placebo or no intervention

Early paracetamol may leads to lower failure of PDA closure after first course of treatment (by… compared with placebo/no intervention (low certainty).

• Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.35
  2 studies · 127 participants
  Low

Early paracetamol vs placebo or no intervention

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Early paracetamol vs placebo or no intervention

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Late paracetamol vs placebo or no intervention

Late paracetamol showed no clear difference in failure of PDA closure after first course of treatment (assessed by… compared with placebo/no intervention (low certainty).

• Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.85 [0.72, 1.01]
  1 study · 55 participants
  Low

Late paracetamol vs placebo or no intervention

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Late paracetamol vs placebo or no intervention

Late paracetamol showed no clear difference in necrotizing enterocolitis during initial hospital stay (by… compared with placebo/no intervention (low certainty).

• Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.04 [0.07, 15.76]
  1 study · 55 participants
  Low

Paracetamol plus ibuprofen (oral or IV) vs ibuprofen plus placebo (oral or IV) or no intervention

Paracetamol plus ibuprofen (oral or IV) showed no clear difference in failure of PDA closure after first course of treatment (assessed by… compared with ibuprofen plus placebo (oral or IV) or no intervention (low certainty).

• Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.77 [0.43, 1.36]
  2 studies · 111 participants
  Low

Paracetamol plus ibuprofen (oral or IV) vs ibuprofen plus placebo (oral or IV) or no intervention

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Paracetamol plus ibuprofen (oral or IV) vs ibuprofen plus placebo (oral or IV) or no intervention

Paracetamol plus ibuprofen (oral or IV) showed no clear difference in necrotizing enterocolitis during initial hospital stay (radiological… compared with ibuprofen plus placebo (oral or IV) or no intervention (low certainty).

• Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.33 [0.01, 7.45]
  1 study · 24 participants
  Low

Paracetamol vs ibuprofen

Paracetamol showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality during initial hospital stay(by clinical… compared with ibuprofen (moderate certainty).

• Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.09 [0.8, 1.48]
  8 studies · 734 participants
  Moderate

Paracetamol vs ibuprofen

Paracetamol showed no clear difference in necrotizing enterocolitisduring initial hospital stay (by… compared with ibuprofen (moderate certainty).

• Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.3 [0.87, 1.94]
  10 studies · 1015 participants
  Moderate