Caries detection accuracy on intraoral images · Dental images of human beings
The review reported 93.3% accuracy for caries detection on intraoral images in Kühnisch et al. (Ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Streptococcus mutans load in the oral cavity (saliva and/or dental plaque) · Adults and children (general population)
In a sensitivity analysis assuming a 0.95 baseline-to-endpoint correlation for the sugar-free gum arm, the effect remained significant (SMD -0.55, 95% CI -0.80 to -0.30; 13 trials, I2 73%); certainty not formally graded.
2 findings from 1 review
Streptococcus mutans load in the oral cavity (saliva and/or dental plaque) · Adults and children (general population)
Xylitol-only sugar-free gum significantly reduced Streptococcus mutans load versus pooled controls (SMD -0.46, 95% CI -0.64 to -0.28; 12 trials, I2 43%); certainty not formally graded.
1 finding from 1 review
Oral mucosa inflammation · adults
The review reported mixed findings for oral mucosa inflammation in reflux patients and did not formally demonstrate causation.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
5 studies
GRADE not reported
Salivary function impairment (buffering capacity, flow rate, oral pH) · Adults with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR)
Reflux is associated with impaired salivary function (notably reduced buffering capacity) as a proposed pathophysiological mechanism, based on several ungraded studies.
1 finding from 1 review
Mixed/controversial salivary findings: reduced salivary buffering capacity supported in three studies (Correa, Holbrook, Filipi) with low oral pH and reduced flow as additional factors in GERD patients, but Meurman and Schroeder found no significant salivary abnormalities; no pooled estimate.
6 studies
GRADE not reported
Oral/pharyngeal microbiota modifications · Adults with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR)
No eligible studies investigated reflux-related modifications of the oral or pharyngeal microbiota; this is an evidence gap identified by the review.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
0 studies
No studies found
Dental erosion, alveolar bone destruction and oral/pharyngeal lesions · Rat models with surgically induced or chronic acid gastroesophageal reflux
In experimental rat models, induced gastroesophageal reflux caused dental erosion, alveolar bone destruction and oral lesions compared with controls, supporting biological plausibility; evidence is ungraded animal research.
1 finding from 1 review
Two rat-model studies found significantly higher rates of dental erosion, alveolar bone destruction and osteomyelitis (Higo) and shorter molar crown heights with dentin exposure, inflammatory infiltration and fibrosis…
2 studies
GRADE not reported
Oral mucosa inflammation (gingivitis, periodontitis, mucosal lesions) · Adults with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR)
The association between reflux and oral mucosa inflammation (gingivitis/periodontitis) is inconsistent across five studies and remains ungraded.
1 finding from 1 review
Five studies examined gingival/periodontal and mucosal disorders with inconsistent results: some reported more frequent mucosal inflammatory findings in GERD patients (Yoshikawa, Watanabe, Vinesh 25.5% periodontitis,…
5 studies
GRADE not reported
Temporal change in the proportion of dentists utilizing SE/SW · Dentists managing deep carious lesions in permanent vital teeth
The proportion of dentists choosing selective or stepwise removal rose significantly over time, by about 1.6% per calendar year (meta-regression, p<0.05), a trend the authors described as borderline (ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Femoral neck bone mineral density (FN-BMD) · Older or community-dwelling adults
Meta-analysis of randomised trials of vitamin D supplementation for Bone mineral density in femoral neck, Community-dwelling adults: WMD 1.10 (95% CI 0.40 to 1.90), statistically significant. Umbrella review outcome-level evidence grade: Suggestive.
1 finding from 1 review
WMD 1.10 [0.40, 1.90]
8 studies
GRADE not reported
Alpha diversity (Observed, Chao1, Shannon, and Simpson) · Participants in oral 16S rRNA caries microbiome studies
Across the combined sample set, alpha-diversity metrics were significantly higher in caries than in health, but no pooled effect estimate was reported.
1 finding from 1 review
KEGG pathway associations · Participants in oral 16S rRNA caries microbiome studies
Phosphonate and phosphinate metabolism and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism had the lowest reported adjusted P values (0.04); no pooled effect estimate was reported.
1 finding from 1 review
Beta diversity and community composition · Participants in oral 16S rRNA caries microbiome studies
Beta-diversity matrices showed statistically significant ADONIS results, while clustering by study and 16S region was also observed; no pooled effect estimate was reported.
1 finding from 1 review
Dental caries and cariogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacilli) · Adult e-cigarette (ENDS) users (general oral health; predominantly natural dentition)
E-cigarette use is associated with more cariogenic bacteria and increased dental caries risk compared with non-smokers (narrative synthesis; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Narrative synthesis: e-cigarette use linked to increased cariogenic bacteria (S. mutans, Lactobacilli) and worsening dental caries, with flavored e-liquids noted as a caries risk factor (Zieba, Camoni, Yang…
3 studies
GRADE not reported
Self-reported gingivitis · Adult e-cigarette (ENDS) users (general oral health; predominantly natural dentition)
E-cigarette use is associated with self-reported gingivitis compared with non-smokers (single included review; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Plaque index / periodontal health (relative harm vs conventional smoking) · Adult e-cigarette (ENDS) users (general oral health)
E-cigarette users tend to have a lower plaque index and less periodontal harm than traditional cigarette smokers, although still worse than non-smokers (narrative synthesis; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Periodontitis / periodontal disease and periodontal parameters · Adult e-cigarette (ENDS) users (general oral health; predominantly natural dentition)
E-cigarette users appear more likely to develop periodontal disease and worse periodontal parameters than non-smokers (narrative synthesis; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Narrative synthesis: e-cigarette use associated with increased risk of periodontal and gingival disease and worse periodontal parameters vs non-smokers (Tattar, Shabil, Figueredo, Yang [23,24,30,31]); no pooled…
7 studies
GRADE not reported
Interleukin-8 (IL-8) · Humans who use e-cigarettes (mostly adults, often with periodontal disease) assessed for oral proinflammatory markers
Meta-analysis suggests no significant effect of e-cigarette use on the salivary level of Interleukin-8 (IL-8) (6 studies), though heterogeneity was high (I2=84%) and the pooled estimate appears only in Figure 3C (unavailable); GCF data were limited (1 study(ies)) (ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) · Humans who use e-cigarettes (mostly adults, often with periodontal disease) assessed for oral proinflammatory markers
Meta-analysis suggests no significant effect of e-cigarette use on the salivary level of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) (6 studies), though heterogeneity was high (I2=95%) and the pooled estimate appears only in Figure 3D (unavailable); GCF data were limited (1 study(ies)) (ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Downregulation of S. mutans virulence/biofilm gene expression (gtfB, gtfC, ftf) · Cariogenic bacteria (mainly Streptococcus mutans reference strains) and oral biofilms in vitro
Postbiotics reduce expression of S. mutans biofilm/virulence genes (gtfB, gtfC, ftf) in vitro (ungraded narrative synthesis).
1 finding from 1 review
Postbiotics and Dental Caries: A Systematic Review. 2025 All outcomesExposure 24 h to 7 days · Laboratory (in vitro)
Postbiotics downregulated expression of S. mutans virulence and exopolysaccharide-synthesis genes (e.g., gtfB, gtfC, gtfD, ftf) in 10 in vitro studies; no pooled estimate.
8 studies
GRADE not reported