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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

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Intervention or exposure

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1,521 questions in 132 reviews · Hepato-Biliary

current versions

No studies 303 · 19.9%Ungraded 39 · 2.6%Very low 876 · 57.6%Low 216 · 14.2%Moderate 65 · 4.3%High 22 · 1.4%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Intervention NR Anti‐thymocyte globulin plus glucocorticosteroids (3 RCTs; 152 participants) · adults undergoing liver transplantation Induction immunosuppression in adults undergoing liver transplantation: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	HR 1.72 [0.7, 4.28]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Basiliximab (2 RCTs; 131 participants) · adults undergoing liver transplantation Induction immunosuppression in adults undergoing liver transplantation: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	HR 0.53 [0.31, 0.93]	NR	Low
Intervention NR Daclizumab plus glucocorticosteroids (5 RCTs; 1142 participants) · adults undergoing liver transplantation Induction immunosuppression in adults undergoing liver transplantation: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	HR 1.33 [0.78, 2.43]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Anti‐thymocyte globulin (2 RCTs; 194 participants) · adults undergoing liver transplantation Induction immunosuppression in adults undergoing liver transplantation: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	HR 1.2 [0.58, 2.59]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Daclizumab (2 RCTs; 350 participants) · adults undergoing liver transplantation Induction immunosuppression in adults undergoing liver transplantation: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	HR 1.29 [0.6, 3.06]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR No active intervention (1 RCT; 45 participants) · adults undergoing liver transplantation Induction immunosuppression in adults undergoing liver transplantation: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane	HR 0.75 [0.18, 3.13]	NR	Very low
Intervention NR All‐cause mortality: up to 3 months' · participants with alcoholic hepatitis at high risk of mortality and morbidity Glucocorticosteroids for people with alcoholic hepatitis (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.9 [0.7, 1.15]	15 studies · 1861 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Health‐related quality of life: up to 3 months ( · participants with alcoholic hepatitis at high risk of mortality and morbidity Glucocorticosteroids for people with alcoholic hepatitis (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 377 participants	Low
Intervention NR Serious adverse events during treatment · participants with alcoholic hepatitis at high risk of mortality and morbidity Glucocorticosteroids for people with alcoholic hepatitis (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.05 [0.85, 1.29]	15 studies · 1861 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Liver‐related mortality: up to 3 months' · participants with alcoholic hepatitis at high risk of mortality and morbidity Glucocorticosteroids for people with alcoholic hepatitis (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.89 [0.69, 1.14]	15 studies · 1861 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Participants with any complication: up to 3 months following randomisation · participants with alcoholic hepatitis at high risk of mortality and morbidity Glucocorticosteroids for people with alcoholic hepatitis (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.04 [0.86, 1.27]	15 studies · 1861 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Participants with non‐serious adverse events: up to 3 months' · participants with alcoholic hepatitis at high risk of mortality and morbidity Glucocorticosteroids for people with alcoholic hepatitis (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.99 [0.72, 5.48]	4 studies · 160 participants	Very low
Plasma expanders vs no plasma expanders All‐cause mortality · cirrhotic participants with large ascites treated by paracentesis Plasma expanders for people with cirrhosis and large ascites treated with abdominal paracentesis (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.52 [0.06, 4.83]	4 studies · 248 participants	Very low
Other plasma expanders vs albumin Refractory ascites · cirrhotic participants with large ascites treated by paracentesis Plasma expanders for people with cirrhosis and large ascites treated with abdominal paracentesis (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Other plasma expanders vs albumin Renal impairment · cirrhotic participants with large ascites treated by paracentesis Plasma expanders for people with cirrhosis and large ascites treated with abdominal paracentesis (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.17 [0.71, 1.91]	17 studies · 1107 participants	Very low
Other plasma expanders vs albumin Other liver‐related complications · cirrhotic participants with large ascites treated by paracentesis Plasma expanders for people with cirrhosis and large ascites treated with abdominal paracentesis (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.1 [0.82, 1.48]	16 studies · 1083 participants	Very low
Other plasma expanders vs albumin Non‐serious adverse events · cirrhotic participants with large ascites treated by paracentesis Plasma expanders for people with cirrhosis and large ascites treated with abdominal paracentesis (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.37 [0.66, 2.85]	14 studies · 977 participants	Very low
Plasma expanders vs no plasma expanders Serious adverse events · cirrhotic participants with large ascites treated by paracentesis Plasma expanders for people with cirrhosis and large ascites treated with abdominal paracentesis (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 108 participants	Very low
Plasma expanders vs no plasma expanders Health‐related quality of life · cirrhotic participants with large ascites treated by paracentesis Plasma expanders for people with cirrhosis and large ascites treated with abdominal paracentesis (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Plasma expanders vs no plasma expanders Refractory ascites · cirrhotic participants with large ascites treated by paracentesis Plasma expanders for people with cirrhosis and large ascites treated with abdominal paracentesis (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Plasma expanders vs no plasma expanders Other liver‐related complications · cirrhotic participants with large ascites treated by paracentesis Plasma expanders for people with cirrhosis and large ascites treated with abdominal paracentesis (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.61 [0.79, 3.27]	4 studies · 248 participants	Very low
Plasma expanders vs no plasma expanders Non‐serious adverse events · cirrhotic participants with large ascites treated by paracentesis Plasma expanders for people with cirrhosis and large ascites treated with abdominal paracentesis (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.04 [0.32, 3.4]	3 studies · 158 participants	Very low
Other plasma expanders vs albumin All‐cause mortality · cirrhotic participants with large ascites treated by paracentesis Plasma expanders for people with cirrhosis and large ascites treated with abdominal paracentesis (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.03 [0.82, 1.3]	14 studies · 1014 participants	Very low
Other plasma expanders vs albumin Serious adverse events · cirrhotic participants with large ascites treated by paracentesis Plasma expanders for people with cirrhosis and large ascites treated with abdominal paracentesis (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.89 [0.1, 8.3]	2 studies · 118 participants	Very low
Other plasma expanders vs albumin Health‐related quality of life · cirrhotic participants with large ascites treated by paracentesis Plasma expanders for people with cirrhosis and large ascites treated with abdominal paracentesis (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR All‐cause mortality · people with liver metastases Cryotherapy for liver metastases (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.88 [0.77, 1.02]	1 study · 123 participants	Low
Intervention NR Cancer mortality · people with liver metastases Cryotherapy for liver metastases (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR All adverse events and complications · people with liver metastases Cryotherapy for liver metastases (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.15	1 participants	Ungraded
Intervention NR Health‐related quality of life · people with liver metastases Cryotherapy for liver metastases (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Recurrence of liver metastases Number of participants developing recurrences of liver metastases · people with liver metastases Cryotherapy for liver metastases (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.9 [0.8, 1.01]	1 study · 123 participants	Low
Intervention NR Time to progression of liver metastases · people with liver metastases Cryotherapy for liver metastases (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Tumour response measures · people with liver metastases Cryotherapy for liver metastases (2019) · Cochrane	30	69 participants	Low
Acetyl‐L‐carnitine vs placebo All‐cause mortality · patients with covert or overt hepatic encephalopathy Acetyl‐L‐carnitine for patients with hepatic encephalopathy (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Acetyl‐L‐carnitine vs placebo Quality of life (general health at 90 days) SF‐36 scale Scale from 0 to 100 · patients with covert or overt hepatic encephalopathy Acetyl‐L‐carnitine for patients with hepatic encephalopathy (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 67 participants	Very low
Acetyl‐L‐carnitine vs placebo Serious adverse events · patients with covert or overt hepatic encephalopathy Acetyl‐L‐carnitine for patients with hepatic encephalopathy (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Acetyl‐L‐carnitine vs placebo Fatigue Mental fatigue in moderate‐grade hepatic encephalopathy Wessely and Powell test Scale from 0 to 10 · patients with covert or overt hepatic encephalopathy Acetyl‐L‐carnitine for patients with hepatic encephalopathy (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 121 participants	Very low
Acetyl‐L‐carnitine vs placebo Non‐serious adverse events · patients with covert or overt hepatic encephalopathy Acetyl‐L‐carnitine for patients with hepatic encephalopathy (2019) · Cochrane	RR 2.51 [0.68, 9.22]	2 studies · 246 participants	Very low
Acetyl‐L‐carnitine vs placebo Days of hospitalisation · patients with covert or overt hepatic encephalopathy Acetyl‐L‐carnitine for patients with hepatic encephalopathy (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Acetyl‐L‐carnitine vs placebo Blood ammonium levels · patients with covert or overt hepatic encephalopathy Acetyl‐L‐carnitine for patients with hepatic encephalopathy (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	5 studies · 387 participants	Low
TACE followed by 3‐DCRT vs TACE All‐cause mortality: at 3 years · primary hepatocellular carcinoma Transcatheter arterial chemoembolisation followed by three‐dimensional conformal radiotherapy versus… (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.8 [0.73, 0.88]	7 studies · 552 participants	Low
TACE followed by 3‐DCRT vs TACE Proportion of participants without tumour response (CR+PR) · primary hepatocellular carcinoma Transcatheter arterial chemoembolisation followed by three‐dimensional conformal radiotherapy versus… (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.49 [0.39, 0.61]	8 studies · 632 participants	Low
TACE followed by 3‐DCRT vs TACE Serious adverse events · primary hepatocellular carcinoma Transcatheter arterial chemoembolisation followed by three‐dimensional conformal radiotherapy versus… (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	Very low
TACE followed by 3‐DCRT vs TACE Health‐related quality of life · primary hepatocellular carcinoma Transcatheter arterial chemoembolisation followed by three‐dimensional conformal radiotherapy versus… (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 66 participants	Very low
TACE followed by 3‐DCRT vs TACE Non‐serious adverse events: leukopenia · primary hepatocellular carcinoma Transcatheter arterial chemoembolisation followed by three‐dimensional conformal radiotherapy versus… (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.12 [0.92, 1.34]	5 studies · 438 participants	Very low
TACE followed by 3‐DCRT vs TACE Non‐serious adverse events: serum transaminases elevation · primary hepatocellular carcinoma Transcatheter arterial chemoembolisation followed by three‐dimensional conformal radiotherapy versus… (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.67 [0.66, 4.27]	4 studies · 280 participants	Very low
TACE followed by 3‐DCRT vs TACE Non‐serious adverse events: total bilirubin elevation · primary hepatocellular carcinoma Transcatheter arterial chemoembolisation followed by three‐dimensional conformal radiotherapy versus… (2019) · Cochrane	RR 2.69 [1.34, 5.4]	2 studies · 172 participants	Very low
TACE followed by 3‐DCRT vs TACE Proportion of participants without serum AFP normalisation · primary hepatocellular carcinoma Transcatheter arterial chemoembolisation followed by three‐dimensional conformal radiotherapy versus… (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 96 participants	Very low
Phamacotherapies that specifically target ammonia vs placebo or non‐absorbable disaccharides All‐cause mortality · adults with cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy Pharmacotherapies that specifically target ammonia for the prevention and treatment of hepatic… (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 16 participants	Very low
Phamacotherapies that specifically target ammonia vs placebo or non‐absorbable disaccharides Blood ammonia concentrations (units unspecified) · adults with cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy Pharmacotherapies that specifically target ammonia for the prevention and treatment of hepatic… (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 35 participants	Very low
Phamacotherapies that specifically target ammonia vs placebo or non‐absorbable disaccharides Blood ammonia levels (µmol/L) · adults with cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy Pharmacotherapies that specifically target ammonia for the prevention and treatment of hepatic… (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 90 participants	Very low