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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,852 questions in 128 reviews · Effective Practice and Organisation of Care
current versionsNo studies 557 · 30.1%Ungraded 53 · 2.9%Very low 446 · 24.1%Low 476 · 25.7%Moderate 255 · 13.8%High 65 · 3.5%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Summary of findings: integrated community case management vs usual facility services plus CCM Adverse events · children U5 Integrated community case management of childhood illness in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings: integrated community case management vs usual facility services Quality of care · children U5 Integrated community case management of childhood illness in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings: integrated community case management vs usual facility services Mortality · children U5 Integrated community case management of childhood illness in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings: integrated community case management vs usual facility services Neonatal mortality rate · children U5 Integrated community case management of childhood illness in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2021) · Cochrane | HR 1.01 [0.77, 1.33] | 65209 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: integrated community case management vs usual facility services Infant mortality rate · children U5 Integrated community case management of childhood illness in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2021) · Cochrane | HR 0.98 [0.72, 1.34] | 65209 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: integrated community case management vs usual facility services U5 mortality rate · children U5 Integrated community case management of childhood illness in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2021) · Cochrane | 1.16 [0.99, 1.36] | 4729 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: integrated community case management vs usual facility services Adverse events · children U5 Integrated community case management of childhood illness in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings: integrated community case management vs usual facility services plus CCM Any iCCM illness · children U5 Integrated community case management of childhood illness in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.59 [0.66, 3.87] | 7876 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: integrated community case management vs usual facility services plus CCM Quality of care · children U5 Integrated community case management of childhood illness in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Proportion of VHVs who reported notifying a HCW about deliveries or births using mobile phones (post‐intervention comparison) · Health Care Workers (HCWs), Village Health Volunteers (VHVs), newborn children Birth and death notification via mobile devices: a mixed methods systematic review (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 101 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Proportion of HCWs who reported receiving a notification from VHV about deliveries or birth using mobile phones (post‐intervention comparison) · Health Care Workers (HCWs), Village Health Volunteers (VHVs), newborn children Birth and death notification via mobile devices: a mixed methods systematic review (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 30 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Proportion of VHVs who reported notifying HCWs either during labour or within 1 day of birth using mobile phones · Health Care Workers (HCWs), Village Health Volunteers (VHVs), newborn children Birth and death notification via mobile devices: a mixed methods systematic review (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 101 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Proportion of HCWs who reported receiving a notification from VHV about imminent deliveries or within 1 day of birth using mobile phones · Health Care Workers (HCWs), Village Health Volunteers (VHVs), newborn children Birth and death notification via mobile devices: a mixed methods systematic review (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 30 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Proportion of births where HCW made postnatal care visit to home · Health Care Workers (HCWs), Village Health Volunteers (VHVs), newborn children Birth and death notification via mobile devices: a mixed methods systematic review (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1339 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Proportion of births for which Hepatitis B birth dose vaccination was provided within 30 days · Health Care Workers (HCWs), Village Health Volunteers (VHVs), newborn children Birth and death notification via mobile devices: a mixed methods systematic review (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1525 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Proportion of births where Hepatitis B birth dose vaccination was administered within 0‐1 day · Health Care Workers (HCWs), Village Health Volunteers (VHVs), newborn children Birth and death notification via mobile devices: a mixed methods systematic review (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1525 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Proportion of births where Hepatitis B birth dose vaccination was administered within 2‐7 days · Health Care Workers (HCWs), Village Health Volunteers (VHVs), newborn children Birth and death notification via mobile devices: a mixed methods systematic review (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1525 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Proportion of births where the HCW made a postnatal care home visit within 24 hours of notification · Health Care Workers (HCWs), Village Health Volunteers (VHVs), newborn children Birth and death notification via mobile devices: a mixed methods systematic review (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 30 participants | Very low |
Mobile clinical decision‐support system vs standard care Providers' adherence to recommended practices, guidelines, or protocol · healthcare providers using clinical decision‐support tools and patients receiving care from such providers Decision‐support tools via mobile devices to improve quality of care in primary healthcare settings (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 185 participants | Very low |
Mobile clinical decision‐support system vs standard care Time between presentation and appropriate management · healthcare providers using clinical decision‐support tools and patients receiving care from such providers Decision‐support tools via mobile devices to improve quality of care in primary healthcare settings (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Mobile clinical decision‐support system vs standard care Patients' or clients' health behaviour · healthcare providers using clinical decision‐support tools and patients receiving care from such providers Decision‐support tools via mobile devices to improve quality of care in primary healthcare settings (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 2086 participants | Moderate |
Mobile clinical decision‐support system vs standard care Patients' or clients' health status and well‐being · healthcare providers using clinical decision‐support tools and patients receiving care from such providers Decision‐support tools via mobile devices to improve quality of care in primary healthcare settings (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 2086 participants | Moderate |
Mobile clinical decision‐support system vs standard care Patient or client acceptability and satisfaction · healthcare providers using clinical decision‐support tools and patients receiving care from such providers Decision‐support tools via mobile devices to improve quality of care in primary healthcare settings (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 187 participants | Low |
Mobile clinical decision‐support system vs standard care Providers' acceptability and satisfaction · healthcare providers using clinical decision‐support tools and patients receiving care from such providers Decision‐support tools via mobile devices to improve quality of care in primary healthcare settings (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Mobile clinical decision‐support system vs standard care Resource use · healthcare providers using clinical decision‐support tools and patients receiving care from such providers Decision‐support tools via mobile devices to improve quality of care in primary healthcare settings (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Mobile clinical decision‐support system vs standard care Unintended consequences · healthcare providers using clinical decision‐support tools and patients receiving care from such providers Decision‐support tools via mobile devices to improve quality of care in primary healthcare settings (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Finding 19: social exclusion. Some parents, predominantly from LMICs, were less accepting of childhood vaccination due to their experiences of social exclusion. Social exclusion may involve economic disadvantage, residential segregation, a lack of... · groups. Numerous parents characterised infants and young children as weak and vulnerable, and in need of protection… Factors that influence parents' and informal caregivers' views and practices regarding routine childhood… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Moderate |
Printed educational material vs no intervention Healthcare professionals' practice outcome measured using dichotomous variablesAbsolute risk difference across various outcomes · healthcare professionals (physicians and allied health professionals) Printed educational materials: effects on professional practice and healthcare outcomes (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 16 studies · 3963 participants | Moderate |
Printed educational material vs no intervention Healthcare professionals' practice outcome measured using continuous variablesStandardised mean difference across various outcomes · healthcare professionals (physicians and allied health professionals) Printed educational materials: effects on professional practice and healthcare outcomes (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 1631 participants | Very low |
Printed educational material vs no intervention Healthcare professionals' practice outcome measured using continuous variables · healthcare professionals (physicians and allied health professionals) Printed educational materials: effects on professional practice and healthcare outcomes (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1 participants | Very low |
Printed educational material vs no intervention Healthcare professionals' practice outcome Standardised median change in slope across various outcomes · healthcare professionals (physicians and allied health professionals) Printed educational materials: effects on professional practice and healthcare outcomes (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 35 studies · 54 participants | Very low |
Printed educational material vs no intervention Patient health outcome measured using dichotomous variables Absolute risk difference across various outcomes · healthcare professionals (physicians and allied health professionals) Printed educational materials: effects on professional practice and healthcare outcomes (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 935015 participants | Moderate |
Printed educational material vs no intervention Patient health outcome measured using continuous variables Standardised mean difference across various outcomes · healthcare professionals (physicians and allied health professionals) Printed educational materials: effects on professional practice and healthcare outcomes (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 6737 participants | Very low |
Printed educational material vs no intervention Patient health outcome Standardised median change in slope across various outcomes · healthcare professionals (physicians and allied health professionals) Printed educational materials: effects on professional practice and healthcare outcomes (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 12 participants | Very low |
Printed educational material only vs single intervention Healthcare professionals' practice outcome measured using dichotomous variablesAbsolute risk difference across various outcomes · healthcare professionals (physicians) Printed educational materials: effects on professional practice and healthcare outcomes (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 139 participants | Low |
Printed educational material only vs single intervention Healthcare professionals' practice outcome measured using continuous variablesStandardised mean difference · healthcare professionals (physicians) Printed educational materials: effects on professional practice and healthcare outcomes (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 32 participants | Very low |
Patient‐initiated appointment systems vs consultant‐led appointment systems Patient outcomes: anxiety (HADS)a 12–24 months · adults with a chronic or recurrent condition Patient‐initiated appointment systems for adults with chronic conditions in secondary care (2020) · Cochrane | OR 0.87 [0.68, 1.12] | 5 studies · 1019 participants | Low |
Patient‐initiated appointment systems vs consultant‐led appointment systems Patient outcomes: depression (HADS)a 9–24 months · adults with a chronic or recurrent condition Patient‐initiated appointment systems for adults with chronic conditions in secondary care (2020) · Cochrane | OR 0.79 [0.51, 1.23] | 6 studies · 1835 participants | Low |
Patient‐initiated appointment systems vs consultant‐led appointment systems Patient outcomes: quality of life (different scales used across studies) · adults with a chronic or recurrent condition Patient‐initiated appointment systems for adults with chronic conditions in secondary care (2020) · Cochrane | SMD 0.12 [0, 0.25] | 7 studies · 1486 participants | Low |
Patient‐initiated appointment systems vs consultant‐led appointment systems Service utilisation (contacts) · adults with a chronic or recurrent condition Patient‐initiated appointment systems for adults with chronic conditions in secondary care (2020) · Cochrane | rate ratio 1.11 | 15 studies · 3348 participants | Low |
Patient‐initiated appointment systems vs consultant‐led appointment systems Service utilisation (costs) per patient per year · adults with a chronic or recurrent condition Patient‐initiated appointment systems for adults with chronic conditions in secondary care (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 2235 participants | Very low |
Patient‐initiated appointment systems vs consultant‐led appointment systems Adverse events – relapse 12–60 months · adults with a chronic or recurrent condition Patient‐initiated appointment systems for adults with chronic conditions in secondary care (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 888 participants | Low |
Patient‐initiated appointment systems vs consultant‐led appointment systems Patient satisfaction 6–72 months · adults with a chronic or recurrent condition Patient‐initiated appointment systems for adults with chronic conditions in secondary care (2020) · Cochrane | SMD 0.05 | 2 studies · 375 participants | Low |
Health education vs usual practice Uptake of HPV vaccinea · adolescents and parents Improving vaccination uptake among adolescents (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 1054 participants | High |
Provider education with performance feedback vs usual practice Uptake of HPV vaccinationa · paediatricians and nurse practitioners Improving vaccination uptake among adolescents (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2e+05 participants | Low |
Class‐based vs age‐based HPV vaccination HPV vaccine uptakea · adolescents Improving vaccination uptake among adolescents (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 5537 participants | Moderate |
Multi‐component provider intervention vs usual practice HPV vaccine uptakeb · healthcare providers and their adolescent patients (boys and girls aged 11–21 years) Improving vaccination uptake among adolescents (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 15849 participants | Moderate |
Multi‐component provider and parent intervention vs usual practice HPV vaccine uptake at 3 months · healthcare workers and parents Improving vaccination uptake among adolescents (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 337 participants | Low |
Multi‐component provider and parent intervention vs usual practice HPV vaccine uptake at 6 months · healthcare workers and parents Improving vaccination uptake among adolescents (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 25869 participants | Low |
Complex vs simplified health education Uptake of hepatitis B vaccineb · adolescents Improving vaccination uptake among adolescents (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 17411 participants | Moderate |