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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,049 questions in 79 reviews · Dementia and Cognitive Improvement
current versionsNo studies 240 · 22.9%Ungraded 31 · 3%Very low 216 · 20.6%Low 253 · 24.1%Moderate 238 · 22.7%High 71 · 6.8%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Cognitive training vs alternative treatment Change in a global measure of cognition (composite) · people with mild to moderate dementia Cognitive training for people with mild to moderate dementia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 73 participants | Very low |
Cognitive training vs alternative treatment Change in a global measure of cognition · people with mild to moderate dementia Cognitive training for people with mild to moderate dementia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 73 participants | Very low |
Cognitive training vs alternative treatment Change in disease progression · people with mild to moderate dementia Cognitive training for people with mild to moderate dementia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Cognitive training vs alternative treatment Change in delayed memory · people with mild to moderate dementia Cognitive training for people with mild to moderate dementia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 73 participants | Very low |
Cognitive training vs alternative treatment Change in participants' mood · people with mild to moderate dementia Cognitive training for people with mild to moderate dementia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 39 participants | Low |
Cognitive training vs alternative treatment Change in capacity for activities of daily living · people with mild to moderate dementia Cognitive training for people with mild to moderate dementia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Cognitive training vs alternative treatment Change in mood and well‐being (caregiver) · people with mild to moderate dementia Cognitive training for people with mild to moderate dementia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Cognitive training vs control immediately post intervention Change in delayed memory · people with mild to moderate dementia Cognitive training for people with mild to moderate dementia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 543 participants | Very low |
Cognitive training vs control immediately post intervention Change in participants' mood · people with mild to moderate dementia Cognitive training for people with mild to moderate dementia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 577 participants | Very low |
Cognitive training vs control immediately post intervention Change in capacity for activities of daily living · people with mild to moderate dementia Cognitive training for people with mild to moderate dementia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 687 participants | Low |
Cognitive training vs control immediately post intervention Participant burden (retention rates) · people with mild to moderate dementia Cognitive training for people with mild to moderate dementia (2019) · Cochrane | OR 0.73 [0.37, 1.43] | 17 studies · 1282 participants | Low |
Cognitive training vs control immediately post intervention Change in mood and well‐being (caregiver) · people with mild to moderate dementia Cognitive training for people with mild to moderate dementia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 36 participants | Moderate |
Cognitive training vs control Change in a global measure of cognition (composite) · people with mild to moderate dementia Cognitive training for people with mild to moderate dementia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 387 participants | Very low |
Cognitive training vs control Change on global cognition (screening) (Global cog) · people with mild to moderate dementia Cognitive training for people with mild to moderate dementia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 387 participants | Very low |
Animal‐assisted therapy (AAT) vs no AAT Affect and emotional well‐being: depression measured using CSDD (0–19, higher score indicates more severe depressive symptoms) · dementia Animal‐assisted therapy for dementia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 83 participants | Low |
Animal‐assisted therapy (AAT (live animal)) vs robotic animals Social functioning: duration of physical contact · dementia Animal‐assisted therapy for dementia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 68 participants | Low |
Animal‐assisted therapy (AAT (live animal)) vs robotic animals Social functioning: duration of talk directed at a person · dementia Animal‐assisted therapy for dementia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 68 participants | Low |
Animal‐assisted therapy (AAT (live animal)) vs robotic animals Social functioning: duration of talk in total · dementia Animal‐assisted therapy for dementia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 68 participants | Low |
Animal‐assisted therapy (AAT (live animal)) vs robotic animals Behaviour measured using NPI (0–144, higher score indicates more severe neuropsychiatric symptoms) · dementia Animal‐assisted therapy for dementia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 78 participants | Low |
Animal‐assisted therapy (AAT (live animal)) vs robotic animals Agitation and irritability · dementia Animal‐assisted therapy for dementia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Animal‐assisted therapy (AAT (live animal)) vs robotic animals Health‐related quality of life measured using QUALID (12–45, higher score indicates poorer quality of life) · dementia Animal‐assisted therapy for dementia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 78 participants | Low |
Animal‐assisted therapy (AAT (live animal)) vs robotic animals Adverse events · dementia Animal‐assisted therapy for dementia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Animal‐assisted therapy (AAT (live animal)) vs robotic animals Physical functioning: activities of daily living · dementia Animal‐assisted therapy for dementia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Animal‐assisted therapy (AAT (live animal)) vs soft toy cat Affect and emotional well‐being: depression · dementia Animal‐assisted therapy for dementia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Animal‐assisted therapy (AAT (live animal)) vs soft toy cat Social functioning: duration of physical contact · dementia Animal‐assisted therapy for dementia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 64 participants | Low |
Animal‐assisted therapy (AAT) vs no AAT Social functioning measured using MOSES, Withdrawn Behaviour subscale (8‐ 32, higher score indicates more severe withdrawn behaviour) · dementia Animal‐assisted therapy for dementia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 58 participants | Low |
Animal‐assisted therapy (AAT (live animal)) vs soft toy cat Social functioning: duration of talk directed at a person · dementia Animal‐assisted therapy for dementia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 64 participants | Low |
Animal‐assisted therapy (AAT (live animal)) vs soft toy cat Social functioning: duration of talk in total · dementia Animal‐assisted therapy for dementia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 64 participants | Low |
Animal‐assisted therapy (AAT (live animal)) vs soft toy cat Behaviour · dementia Animal‐assisted therapy for dementia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Animal‐assisted therapy (AAT (live animal)) vs soft toy cat Agitation and irritability · dementia Animal‐assisted therapy for dementia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Animal‐assisted therapy (AAT (live animal)) vs soft toy cat Health‐related quality of life · dementia Animal‐assisted therapy for dementia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Animal‐assisted therapy (AAT (live animal)) vs soft toy cat Adverse events · dementia Animal‐assisted therapy for dementia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Animal‐assisted therapy (AAT (live animal)) vs soft toy cat Physical functioning: activities of daily living · dementia Animal‐assisted therapy for dementia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Animal‐assisted therapy (AAT) vs no AAT Behaviour measured using NHBPS (0–116, higher score indicates more severe behaviour problem), NPI (0–144, higher score indicates more severe neuropsychiatric symptoms) or MOSES Disoriented Behaviour subscale (8–32, higher score indicates more seve... · dementia Animal‐assisted therapy for dementia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 142 participants | Very low |
Animal‐assisted therapy (AAT) vs no AAT Agitation or irritability measured using CMAI (14–70, higher score indicates more severe agitation or irritability), BARS (10–70, higher score indicates more severe agitation or irritability) or MOSES Irritability subscale (9–36, higher score indi... · dementia Animal‐assisted therapy for dementia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 143 participants | Very low |
Animal‐assisted therapy (AAT) vs no AAT Health‐related quality of life measured using QUALID (12–45, higher score indicates poorer quality of life) · dementia Animal‐assisted therapy for dementia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 164 participants | Moderate |
Animal‐assisted therapy (AAT) vs no AAT Adverse events · dementia Animal‐assisted therapy for dementia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Animal‐assisted therapy (AAT) vs no AAT Physical functioning, measured using Barthel Index for ADL (0–100, higher score indicates better abilities) · dementia Animal‐assisted therapy for dementia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 37 participants | Low |
Animal‐assisted therapy (AAT) vs no AAT Physical functioning: self‐care ability measured using MOSES Self‐Care Functioning subscale (8–32, higher score indicates poorer function) · dementia Animal‐assisted therapy for dementia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 58 participants | Low |
Animal‐assisted therapy (AAT (live animal)) vs robotic animals Affect and emotional well‐being: depression · dementia Animal‐assisted therapy for dementia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Reminiscence Therapy vs no treatment Quality of Life (self‐report) at end of treatment · people living with dementia Reminiscence therapy for dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 1060 participants | Moderate |
Reminiscence therapy vs no treatment Individual: communication at end of treatment · people living with dementia (modality) Reminiscence therapy for dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 96 participants | Very low |
Reminiscence therapy vs no treatment Group: quality of life (self‐reported) at end of treatment · people living with dementia (modality) Reminiscence therapy for dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 1037 participants | High |
Reminiscence therapy vs no treatment Group: cognition at end of treatment · people living with dementia (modality) Reminiscence therapy for dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 1023 participants | High |
Reminiscence therapy vs no treatment Group: communication at end of treatment · people living with dementia (modality) Reminiscence therapy for dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 153 participants | Moderate |
Reminiscence therapy vs no treatment Care home: quality of life (self‐reported) at end of treatment · people living with dementia (setting) Reminiscence therapy for dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 193 participants | Moderate |
Reminiscence therapy vs no treatment Care home: cognition at end of treatment · people living with dementia (setting) Reminiscence therapy for dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 230 participants | Moderate |
Reminiscence therapy vs no treatment Care home: communication at end of treatment · people living with dementia (setting) Reminiscence therapy for dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 184 participants | Very low |
Reminiscence therapy vs no treatment Community: quality of life (self‐reported) at end of treatment · people living with dementia (setting) Reminiscence therapy for dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 867 participants | High |
Reminiscence therapy vs no treatment Community: cognition at end of treatment · people living with dementia (setting) Reminiscence therapy for dementia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 989 participants | High |