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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
775 questions in 58 reviews · Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma
current versionsNo studies 166 · 21.4%Ungraded 24 · 3.1%Very low 356 · 45.9%Low 162 · 20.9%Moderate 47 · 6.1%High 20 · 2.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Bone marrow vs steroid injections Recurrence of bone cyst · children with simple bone cysts Interventions for treating simple bone cysts in the long bones of children (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Bone marrow vs steroid injections Adverse event: pathological fracture Clinical record · children with simple bone cysts Interventions for treating simple bone cysts in the long bones of children (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.37, 1.7] | 1 study · 77 participants | Very low |
Bone marrow vs steroid injections Adverse event: infection Clinical record · children with simple bone cysts Interventions for treating simple bone cysts in the long bones of children (2017) · Cochrane | RR 4.88 [0.24, 98.32] | 1 study · 77 participants | Very low |
Bone marrow vs steroid injections Unacceptable malunion · children with simple bone cysts Interventions for treating simple bone cysts in the long bones of children (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Bone marrow vs steroid injections Oucher pain score Clinical record Scale from: 0 to 100 (maximum pain) · children with simple bone cysts Interventions for treating simple bone cysts in the long bones of children (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 77 participants | Low |
One‐incision vs two‐incision techniques Subjective function (short term) · adults undergoing arthroscopically assisted ACL reconstruction1 One‐incision versus two‐incision techniques for arthroscopically assisted anterior cruciate ligament… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 79 participants | Very low |
One‐incision vs two‐incision techniques Subjective function (intermediate term) · adults undergoing arthroscopically assisted ACL reconstruction1 One‐incision versus two‐incision techniques for arthroscopically assisted anterior cruciate ligament… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 79 participants | Very low |
One‐incision vs two‐incision techniques Subjective function (long term) · adults undergoing arthroscopically assisted ACL reconstruction1 One‐incision versus two‐incision techniques for arthroscopically assisted anterior cruciate ligament… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.91, 1.18] | 1 study · 85 participants | Very low |
One‐incision vs two‐incision techniques Quality of life(intermediate term) · adults undergoing arthroscopically assisted ACL reconstruction1 One‐incision versus two‐incision techniques for arthroscopically assisted anterior cruciate ligament… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
One‐incision vs two‐incision techniques Adverse events (overall) · adults undergoing arthroscopically assisted ACL reconstruction1 One‐incision versus two‐incision techniques for arthroscopically assisted anterior cruciate ligament… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
One‐incision vs two‐incision techniques Activity level (intermediate term) Tegner activity score (0 to 10: highest sport activity) · adults undergoing arthroscopically assisted ACL reconstruction1 One‐incision versus two‐incision techniques for arthroscopically assisted anterior cruciate ligament… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 59 participants | Very low |
One‐incision vs two‐incision techniques Objective functional knee assessments using IKDC10 (intermediate term)(normal or nearly normal assessment) · adults undergoing arthroscopically assisted ACL reconstruction1 One‐incision versus two‐incision techniques for arthroscopically assisted anterior cruciate ligament… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.85, 1.21] | 4 studies · 167 participants | Very low |
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation + other intervention (e.g. exercise) vs same other intervention only Knee pain (short term) VAS scale: 0 to 10; higher score = worse pain. · people with patellofemoral pain syndrome1 Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) for patellofemoral pain syndrome (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 118 participants | Very low |
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation vs exercise Adverse events · people with patellofemoral pain syndrome Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) for patellofemoral pain syndrome (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation + other intervention (e.g. exercise) vs same other intervention only Knee pain (long term) VAS scale: 0 to 10; higher score = worse pain. · people with patellofemoral pain syndrome1 Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) for patellofemoral pain syndrome (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 29 participants | Very low |
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation + other intervention (e.g. exercise) vs same other intervention only Knee function (short term) · people with patellofemoral pain syndrome1 Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) for patellofemoral pain syndrome (2017) · Cochrane | SMD 0.37 | 2 studies · 70 participants | Very low |
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation + other intervention (e.g. exercise) vs same other intervention only Knee function (long term) Kujala Patellofemoral Score (KPS) (0 to 100; higher score = better function). · people with patellofemoral pain syndrome1 Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) for patellofemoral pain syndrome (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 29 participants | Very low |
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation + other intervention (e.g. exercise) vs same other intervention only Adverse events ‐ not measured · people with patellofemoral pain syndrome1 Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) for patellofemoral pain syndrome (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation vs exercise Knee pain (short term: < 3 months) · people with patellofemoral pain syndrome Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) for patellofemoral pain syndrome (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation vs exercise Knee pain (longer term: > 3 months) · people with patellofemoral pain syndrome Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) for patellofemoral pain syndrome (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation vs exercise Knee function (short term) Arpège function scale (0 to 18; higher score = better function). · people with patellofemoral pain syndrome Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) for patellofemoral pain syndrome (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 94 participants | Very low |
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation vs exercise Knee function (longer term: > 3 months) · people with patellofemoral pain syndrome Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) for patellofemoral pain syndrome (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Multinutrient supplements (oral) vs control Mortality by end of study · Older people undergoing hip fracture aftercare Nutritional supplementation for hip fracture aftercare in older people (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.49, 1.31] | 15 studies · 968 participants | Low |
Multinutrient supplements (oral) vs control Participants with complications (e.g. pressure sore, chest infection) at end of study · Older people undergoing hip fracture aftercare Nutritional supplementation for hip fracture aftercare in older people (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.59, 0.86] | 11 studies · 727 participants | Low |
Multinutrient supplements (oral) vs control Unfavourable outcome 7 by end of study · Older people undergoing hip fracture aftercare Nutritional supplementation for hip fracture aftercare in older people (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.67 [0.51, 0.89] | 6 studies · 334 participants | Very low |
Multinutrient supplements (oral) vs control Putative side effects of treatment (e.g. vomiting and diarrhoea) · Older people undergoing hip fracture aftercare Nutritional supplementation for hip fracture aftercare in older people (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.47, 2.05] | 6 studies · 442 participants | Very low |
Multinutrient supplements (nasogastric) vs control Mortality by end of study · Older people undergoing hip fracture aftercare Nutritional supplementation for hip fracture aftercare in older people (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.5, 1.97] | 3 studies · 280 participants | Very low |
Multinutrient supplements (nasogastric) vs control Participants with complications (e.g. pressure sore, aspiration pneumonia) at end of study · Older people undergoing hip fracture aftercare Nutritional supplementation for hip fracture aftercare in older people (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.73, 1.64] | 1 study · 18 participants | Very low |
Multinutrient supplements (nasogastric) vs control Unfavourable outcome · Older people undergoing hip fracture aftercare Nutritional supplementation for hip fracture aftercare in older people (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Multinutrient supplements (nasogastric) vs control Putative side effects of treatment (e.g. aspiration pneumonia) · Older people undergoing hip fracture aftercare Nutritional supplementation for hip fracture aftercare in older people (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: figure‐of‐eight bandage vs arm sling Shoulder function Constant score (0 to 100 points: higher = better) · patients (mainly young male adults) with fractures of the middle third of the clavicle Conservative interventions for treating middle third clavicle fractures in adolescents and adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 51 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Treatment failure ‐ Number who had surgical procedure · patients with fractures of the middle third of the clavicle Conservative interventions for treating middle third clavicle fractures in adolescents and adults (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [0.37, 3.47] | 1 study · 101 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Clinical healing ‐ Time to clinical fracture consolidation (days) · patients with fractures of the middle third of the clavicle Conservative interventions for treating middle third clavicle fractures in adolescents and adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 101 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Adverse events ‐ total of adverse events (Skin irritation) · patients with fractures of the middle third of the clavicle Conservative interventions for treating middle third clavicle fractures in adolescents and adults (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.06, 14.65] | 1 study · 101 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Quality of life · patients with fractures of the middle third of the clavicle Conservative interventions for treating middle third clavicle fractures in adolescents and adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Return to previous activities ‐ Resumption of work (days) · patients with fractures of the middle third of the clavicle Conservative interventions for treating middle third clavicle fractures in adolescents and adults (2016) · Cochrane | MD 1.95 | 1 study · 101 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: figure‐of‐eight bandage vs arm sling Pain (early) Visual Analogue Scale ‐ VAS (0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain)) · patients (mainly young male adults) with fractures of the middle third of the clavicle Conservative interventions for treating middle third clavicle fractures in adolescents and adults (2016) · Cochrane | MD 0.43 | 2 studies · 203 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: figure‐of‐eight bandage vs arm sling Treatment failure (Number of participants who have undergone or are being considered for a surgical intervention) · patients (mainly young male adults) with fractures of the middle third of the clavicle Conservative interventions for treating middle third clavicle fractures in adolescents and adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: figure‐of‐eight bandage vs arm sling Clinical healing ‐ time to clinical fracture consolidation (weeks) · patients (mainly young male adults) with fractures of the middle third of the clavicle Conservative interventions for treating middle third clavicle fractures in adolescents and adults (2016) · Cochrane | MD 0.2 | 1 study · 148 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: figure‐of‐eight bandage vs arm sling Adverse events ‐ total participants with adverse events · patients (mainly young male adults) with fractures of the middle third of the clavicle Conservative interventions for treating middle third clavicle fractures in adolescents and adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: figure‐of‐eight bandage vs arm sling Quality of life · patients (mainly young male adults) with fractures of the middle third of the clavicle Conservative interventions for treating middle third clavicle fractures in adolescents and adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: figure‐of‐eight bandage vs arm sling Return to previous activities ‐ Resumption of school/work (weeks) · patients (mainly young male adults) with fractures of the middle third of the clavicle Conservative interventions for treating middle third clavicle fractures in adolescents and adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 176 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Shoulder function · patients with fractures of the middle third of the clavicle Conservative interventions for treating middle third clavicle fractures in adolescents and adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Pain Visual analogue scale ‐ VAS (0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain)) · patients with fractures of the middle third of the clavicle Conservative interventions for treating middle third clavicle fractures in adolescents and adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 101 participants | Moderate |
Bioabsorbable vs metallic interference screws Function: Lysholm knee score (0 to 100; higher scores = better function) · Adults undergoing surgical reconstruction of a ruptured ACL1 Bioabsorbable versus metallic interference screws for graft fixation in anterior cruciate ligament… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 168 participants | Very low |
Bioabsorbable vs metallic interference screws Function: Lysholm knee score (0 to 100; higher scores = better function) · Adults undergoing surgical reconstruction of a ruptured ACL1 Bioabsorbable versus metallic interference screws for graft fixation in anterior cruciate ligament… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 113 participants | Very low |
Bioabsorbable vs metallic interference screws Function: Lysholm knee score (0 to 100; higher scores = better function) · Adults undergoing surgical reconstruction of a ruptured ACL1 Bioabsorbable versus metallic interference screws for graft fixation in anterior cruciate ligament… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 71 participants | Very low |
Bioabsorbable vs metallic interference screws Overall treatment failure ‐ Intraoperative and postoperative complications5 · Adults undergoing surgical reconstruction of a ruptured ACL1 Bioabsorbable versus metallic interference screws for graft fixation in anterior cruciate ligament… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.94 [1.29, 2.93] | 11 studies · 885 participants | Very low |
Bioabsorbable vs metallic interference screws Overall treatment failure ‐ Postoperative complications7 · Adults undergoing surgical reconstruction of a ruptured ACL1 Bioabsorbable versus metallic interference screws for graft fixation in anterior cruciate ligament… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.44 [0.93, 2.23] | 11 studies · 885 participants | Very low |
Bioabsorbable vs metallic interference screws Activity level: Tegner score ( 0 to 10; higher scores = greater activity) · Adults undergoing surgical reconstruction of a ruptured ACL1 Bioabsorbable versus metallic interference screws for graft fixation in anterior cruciate ligament… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 122 participants | Very low |