What do systematic reviews say?

Any early psychological intervention vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist)

Any early psychological intervention showed no clear difference in dropouts from treatment compared with waiting list/usual care (low certainty).

• Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.34 [0.91, 1.95]
  11 studies · 1154 participants
  Low

Any early psychological intervention vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist)

• Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  15 studies · 1921 participants
  Low

Any early psychological intervention vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist)

• Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  7 studies · 1009 participants
  Low

Any early psychological intervention vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist)

• Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 945 participants
  Low

Any early psychological intervention vs active control

Any early psychological intervention may leads to higher dropouts from treatment compared with active control condition (low certainty).

• Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.61 [1.11, 2.34]
  2 studies · 425 participants
  Low

Any early psychological intervention vs active control

• Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 465 participants
  Low

Psychological intervention (habit reversal / positive reinforcement) vs Alternative psychological intervention (DRO / negative reinforcement)

• Interventions for the cessation of non‐nutritive sucking habits in children 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Short term (less than 12 months)
  Christensen 1987 (20 participants) compared habit reversal (HR) with differential reinforcement of other behaviour (DRO): no statistically significant difference. Larsson 1972 (38 participants) compared positive with…
  2 studies · 58 participants
  GRADE not reported

Antidepressants vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether pharmacological interventions (antidepressants) changes depression: meeting study criteria for depression at end treatment… compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Pharmacological, psychological and non‐invasive brain stimulation interventions for preventing depression after stroke 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.5 [0.37, 0.68]
  9 studies · 734 participants
  Very low

Antidepressants vs placebo

• Pharmacological, psychological and non‐invasive brain stimulation interventions for preventing depression after stroke 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Antidepressants vs placebo

• Pharmacological, psychological and non‐invasive brain stimulation interventions for preventing depression after stroke 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 100 participants
  Very low

Antidepressants vs placebo

• Pharmacological, psychological and non‐invasive brain stimulation interventions for preventing depression after stroke 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 48 participants
  Very low

Antidepressants vs placebo

• Pharmacological, psychological and non‐invasive brain stimulation interventions for preventing depression after stroke 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 116 participants
  Very low

Antidepressants vs placebo

• Pharmacological, psychological and non‐invasive brain stimulation interventions for preventing depression after stroke 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 204 participants
  GRADE not reported

Antidepressants vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether pharmacological interventions (antidepressants) changes adverse events: death ‐ at end of treatment Analysis 1.12 compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Pharmacological, psychological and non‐invasive brain stimulation interventions for preventing depression after stroke 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.25 [0.32, 4.91]
  9 studies · 496 participants
  Very low

Summary of findings table ‐ Psychological interventions vs control

• Psychological and pharmacological interventions for depression in patients with coronary artery disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  10 studies · 1226 participants
  Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Psychological interventions vs control

Summary of findings table ‐ Psychological treatment showed no clear difference in depression remission ‐ short term compared with control (low certainty).

• Psychological and pharmacological interventions for depression in patients with coronary artery disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 2.02 [0.78, 5.19]
  3 studies · 862 participants
  Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Psychological interventions vs control

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Psychological treatment changes all‐cause mortality ‐ short‐term compared with control (very low certainty).

• Psychological and pharmacological interventions for depression in patients with coronary artery disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.31 [0.05, 2.02]
  2 studies · 324 participants
  Very low

Summary of findings table ‐ Psychological interventions vs control

Summary of findings table ‐ Psychological treatment showed no clear difference in cardiovascular mortality ‐ long‐term compared with control; GRADE not reported.

• Psychological and pharmacological interventions for depression in patients with coronary artery disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.83 [0.62, 1.1]
  2 studies · 2720 participants
  GRADE not reported

Summary of findings table ‐ Psychological interventions vs control

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Psychological and pharmacological interventions for depression in patients with coronary artery disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Psychological interventions vs care

• Interventions to improve return to work in depressed people 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  8 studies · 1255 participants
  Low