Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

296 questions · 315 findings · 41 reviews · Neonatal

No studies found 70 · 22.2%GRADE not reported 6 · 1.9%Very low 76 · 24.1%Low 92 · 29.2%Moderate 57 · 18.1%High 14 · 4.4%

Systemic administration of beta‐blockers vs placebo or no treatment

Rescue treatment with anti‐VEGF agents · Prevention of retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants

Systemic administration of beta‐blockers may leads to lower rescue treatment with anti‐VEGF agents compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic administration of beta‐blockers vs placebo or no treatment

Treatment with laser photocoagulation or cryotherapy · Prevention of retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants

Systemic administration of beta‐blockers may leads to lower treatment with laser photocoagulation or cryotherapy compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic administration of beta‐blockers vs placebo or no treatment

Progression to stage 2 with plus disease · Prevention of retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants

Systemic administration of beta‐blockers showed no clear difference in progression to stage 2 with plus disease compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic administration of beta‐blockers vs placebo or no treatment

Progression to stage 3 ROP · Prevention of retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants

Systemic administration of beta‐blockers probably leads to lower progression to stage 3 ROP compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic administration of beta‐blockers vs placebo or no treatment

Progression to stage 4 or 5 ROP · Prevention of retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants

Systemic administration of beta‐blockers showed no clear difference in progression to stage 4 or 5 ROP compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic administration of beta‐blockers vs placebo or no treatment

Arterial hypotension and/or bradycardia requiring treatment · Prevention of retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants

Systemic administration of beta‐blockers may leads to higher arterial hypotension and/or bradycardia requiring treatment compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics administered to pregnant women at risk of preterm birth vs placebo or no intervention

Gestational age (preterm birth < 37 weeks) · preterm infants

Probiotics administered to pregnant women at risk of preterm birth showed no clear difference in preterm birth < 37 weeks' gestation compared with placebo or no intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics administered exclusively after birth in mothers of preterm infants vs placebo or no intervention

Necrotising enterocolitis · preterm infants

Probiotics administered exclusively after birth in mothers of… showed no clear difference in any necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) compared with maternal placebo or no intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics administered exclusively after birth in mothers of preterm infants vs placebo or no intervention

Mortality before hospital discharge · preterm infants

Probiotics administered exclusively after birth in mothers of… showed no clear difference in death prior to hospital discharge compared with maternal placebo or no intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics administered exclusively after birth in mothers of preterm infants vs placebo or no intervention

Death or NEC · preterm infants

Probiotics administered exclusively after birth in mothers of… showed no clear difference in death or NEC compared with maternal placebo or no intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics administered exclusively after birth in mothers of preterm infants vs placebo or no intervention

NEC‐related surgery during study period · preterm infants

Probiotics administered exclusively after birth in mothers of… showed no clear difference in surgery for NEC compared with maternal placebo or no intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics administered exclusively after birth in mothers of preterm infants vs placebo or no intervention

Neonatal sepsis · preterm infants

Probiotics administered exclusively after birth in mothers of… showed no clear difference in neonatal sepsis compared with maternal placebo or no intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review