What do systematic reviews say?

Beta‐blockers vs calcium channel blockers

Beta‐blockers showed no clear difference in total mortality compared with calcium‐channel blockers (moderate certainty).

• Beta‐blockers for hypertension 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.07 [1, 1.14]
  4 studies · 44825 participants
  Moderate

Beta‐blockers vs calcium channel blockers

Beta‐blockers probably leads to higher total cardiovascular disease compared with calcium‐channel blockers (moderate certainty).

• Beta‐blockers for hypertension 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.18 [1.08, 1.29]
  2 studies · 19915 participants
  Moderate

Beta‐blockers vs calcium channel blockers

Beta‐blockers probably leads to higher total stroke compared with calcium‐channel blockers (moderate certainty).

• Beta‐blockers for hypertension 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.24 [1.11, 1.4]
  3 studies · 44167 participants
  Moderate

Beta‐blockers vs calcium channel blockers

Beta‐blockers showed no clear difference in total coronary heart disease compared with calcium‐channel blockers (moderate certainty).

• Beta‐blockers for hypertension 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.05 [0.96, 1.15]
  3 studies · 44167 participants
  Moderate

Beta‐blockers vs calcium channel blockers

Beta‐blockers showed no clear difference in withdrawal due to adverse effect compared with calcium‐channel blockers (low certainty).

• Beta‐blockers for hypertension 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.2 [0.71, 2.04]
  2 studies · 21591 participants
  Low

Beta‐blockers vs placebo

Beta‐blockers may leads to lower total cardiovascular disease compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Beta‐blockers for hypertension 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.88 [0.79, 0.97]
  4 studies · 23613 participants
  Low

Beta‐blockers vs placebo

Beta‐blockers may leads to lower total stroke compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Beta‐blockers for hypertension 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.8 [0.66, 0.96]
  4 studies · 23613 participants
  Low

Beta‐blockers vs placebo

Beta‐blockers showed no clear difference in total coronary heart disease compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Beta‐blockers for hypertension 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.93 [0.81, 1.07]
  4 studies · 23613 participants
  Moderate

Beta‐blockers vs placebo

Beta‐blockers showed no clear difference in withdrawal due to adverse effect compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Beta‐blockers for hypertension 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3.38 [0.82, 13.95]
  3 studies · 22729 participants
  Low

Beta‐blockers vs diuretics

Beta‐blockers showed no clear difference in total mortality compared with diuretics (moderate certainty).

• Beta‐blockers for hypertension 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.04 [0.91, 1.19]
  5 studies · 18241 participants
  Moderate

Beta‐blockers vs diuretics

Beta‐blockers showed no clear difference in total cardiovascular disease compared with diuretics (moderate certainty).

• Beta‐blockers for hypertension 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.13 [0.99, 1.28]
  4 studies · 18135 participants
  Moderate

Beta‐blockers vs diuretics

Beta‐blockers showed no clear difference in total stroke compared with diuretics (low certainty).

• Beta‐blockers for hypertension 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.17 [0.65, 2.09]
  4 studies · 18135 participants
  Low

Beta‐blockers vs diuretics

Beta‐blockers showed no clear difference in total coronary heart disease compared with diuretics (low certainty).

• Beta‐blockers for hypertension 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.12 [0.82, 1.54]
  4 studies · 18135 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in mortality during hospital stay (moderate certainty).

• Intravenous midazolam infusion for sedation of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.79 [0.4, 1.56]
  3 studies · 122 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Intravenous midazolam infusion for sedation of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  5.4 [0.4, 10.5]
  2 studies · 89 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in PIPP score during drug infusion Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28… (moderate certainty).

• Intravenous midazolam infusion for sedation of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 43 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in poor neurological outcome by 28 days' postnatal age (moderate certainty).

• Intravenous midazolam infusion for sedation of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.34 [0.5, 3.56]
  1 study · 43 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in PIPP score during drug infusion Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28… (moderate certainty).

• Intravenous midazolam infusion for sedation of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  MD 1
  1 study · 46 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The intervention probably leads to higher poor neurological outcome by 28 days' postnatal age (moderate certainty).

• Intravenous midazolam infusion for sedation of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 7.64 [1.02, 57.21]
  1 study · 46 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Elevation of the head during intensive care management in people with severe traumatic brain injury 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 20 participants
  Very low